UVeronika Janyrova
"Umthetho wobambiso (e-Austria), umzekelo, ubonelela ngokuziphatha kunye nokubhaliswa kwezibophelelo zabameli abanomdla kunye ne-lobbyists, kodwa ayibandakanyi amagumbi kwaye ayiniki noluntu ulwazi malunga nomxholo wokubamba imisebenzi.
Amatyala okubambisa angafihliweyo kunye neempembelelo ezingathandekiyo kunye ezingekho mthethweni kwizigqibo zopolitiko zihamba kunye nokunyanzela okukhohlakeleyo njengesithunzi eside. Oko iKomiti ye-Enofiry ye-Inquiry e-Austria ngo-2006 nango-2007 kutshanje, ukubethelelwa e-Austria kunye neengcebiso kwezopolitiko zibe phantsi kokurhanelwa ngokubanzi urhwaphilizo.
Akumangalisi ukuba ukuthembela kwabase-Austrian kwezopolitiko bekuwohloka kangangeminyaka. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, de kube ngo-2017 iipesenti ezingama-87 zabemi zazingenathemba elincinci kwezopolitiko (Uvavanyo lwe-OGM egameni le-Initiative ye-Majority Suffrage kunye neDemocratic Reform, ka-2018). Kwaye kulindelekile kakhulu ukuba oku kube ngcono kulo nyaka.
Kodwa ayingobakhenkethi abaziingcali kunye nabacebisi bezopolitiko abazama ukuphembelela izigqibo zezopolitiko. Uninzi lwabadlali bezentlalo balandela le njongo-amaziko ezenzululwazi, iziseko, iitanki zokucinga, imibutho, ii-NGO, kunye namaqela ezikolo kunye nemibutho yabazali. Kwaye phantse zonke zimele nokuba zizinto ezinomdla okanye ezithile.
Ukujonga emva kunye nokujonga ngaphambili
Kuthelekiso lwamazwe aphesheya, ukubonisana ngezopolitiko njengeshishini eOstriya kuncinci. Kwisiqingatha senkulungwane, ulungelelwaniso lwenxaxheba kwezenko lwenzeka ikakhulu kwinqanaba lobambiswano kwezentlalo. Amaqela emidla (Igumbi labasebenzi AK, Iqumerhu lezoqoqosho I-WKO, Igumbi lezolimo I-LKO, Umanyano lwabasebenzi I-ÖGB) yayilawuleka kakuhle. Ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko aluzange lube nzima kakhulu kunye namaqela amabini aphambili. Ngexesha lokujoyina i-EU kwaye phantsi kokwenza uWolfgang Schüssel, amaqela emidla yemveli ekugqibeleni abuyiselwa ngakumbi nangakumbi.
Ingcali yezopolitiko ibhala malunga noku UAnton Pelinka: "Ukuphuhliswa kweengcebiso kwezopolitiko e-Austria kwabonwa ngumntu okhethekileyo: ukulibaziseka. Ngokuhambelana nokulibaziseka kwedemokrasi ngokubanzi nokuqiniswa kukusebenza okuphezulu kombutho weqela, izakhiwo nemisebenzi yeengcebiso zezopolitiko, njengoko zihambelana nedemokhrasi yenkululeko, ziye zaphuhla kancinci e-Austria.
Akunakufane kwenzeke ukuba imfuno yengcebiso yomgaqo-nkqubo yehle kwikamva elibonakalayo elizayo. Uphuhliso lwentlalo, ezoqoqosho nezopolitiko kunye nemidlalo zixinene kakhulu namhlanje. Ukongeza, ezinye iintlobo kunye nezo zingavoti zabafumana ngokubaluleka kwaye zanika abapolitiki into eyongezelelweyo yokungaqiniseki. Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, uluntu olukhulayo noluhlukileyo ngokwalo lufuna ukujongwa ngakumbi, ukuthatha inxaxheba nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintando yesininzi.
Malunga nokudlala simahla kweempikiswano
Ewe ilungelo lokumela iimfuno zomntu yinto ebalulekileyo yenkululeko evulekileyo nenkululeko. Oku kubandakanya ukutshintshiselana ngolwazi phakathi kwemibutho, iinkampani kunye namaqela anomdla kwelinye icala nezopolitiko, ipalamente kunye nolawulo kwelinye. Ayisiye kuphela ii-theorists zenkululeko zentlalo ezibambe le mbono, umzekelo KuPhaphaza, eqhubeka ngokubeka esweni kwaye ihlalutya urhwaphilizo kwilizwe: "Umbono osisiseko wokubambela kunye nobusela kukunxibelelana, ukuthatha inxaxheba kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabantu nemibutho echatshazelwa zizigqibo zentlalo okanye zezinye.
Kodwa oku kusebenzisana kufuneka kuvuleke ngokwaneleyo kwaye kungabonakali, "utshilo u-Eva Geiblinger, u-CEO weTransparency International - iAustralia Isahluko. Ukudlala ngokukhululekileyo kweengxoxo kunye nokuphunyezwa kweyona nto ibalaseleyo kukuqonda okunomdla wentando yesininzi. Kwaye ayisiyo utopia, ngenxa yokuba kukho amava aneleyo kunye neengcinga zoko.
Ukuzonwabisa e-Austria: Asizizo zonke iigusha ezimnyama
Kukho ingcebiso yomgaqo-nkqubo onzulu. Umsebenzi wakho ophambili kukubonelela ngezopolitiko kunye nolawulo ngobuchule. Oku kubandakanya izibakala eziqinisekisiweyo kunye nohlalutyo lweziphumo kunye nemiphumo enqwenelekayo kunye engafunekiyo yezigqibo zezopolitiko.
Isazinzulu kwezopolitiko u-Hubert Sickinger, umzekelo, uchaza ulwazi lwabathatha izigqibo "njengemali esemthethweni" yokubamba, "kuba iyimfuneko kwaye isebenza kumgangatho wezigqibo zezopolitiko". Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukubambisa kunqweneleka ngokwembono yenkululeko. Ukuba uninzi lwezinto onomdla kuzo zinethuba lokwenene lokuxoxwa kwaye izigqibo azenziwanga kwisiseko esinye solwazi.
Ngelishwa, naye, kuya kufuneka aqaphele ukuba ubambiso e-Austria, ngakumbi ngokusebenzisa ii-arhente kunye namasebe okuhlala ezindlini, kuhlala kwenzeka ngasese: "Eyona nyani" yabanini bexeshisi yenethiwekhi yezopolitiko kunye nokuqonda okunzulu ekusebenzeni kwenkqubo yolawulo lwezopolitiko ". Nokuba imigangatho yaseburhulumenteni inokuphembelelwa ngale ndlela. Kwidemokhrasi evulekileyo, ukubhengeza kufanele ukuba ibe yishishini loluntu, kuba ingxoxo evulekile malunga Imibuzo eyiyo kunye nezinto onomdla kuzo ikwayeyona nto ichaza umgangatho wezigqibo zezopolitiko.
Iingcebiso ezininzi zoku zivela kudliwano-ndlebe lwezopolitiko uqobo, umzekelo, umcebisi wezopolitiko uFeri Thierry ubiza ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba ngubani na lo msebenzi wokubonisana, umzekelo ngokufumana ulwazi oluzimeleyo nangokucacileyo, nangokucaciswa koluntu ngemicimbi yezopolitiko, ukwenza izigqibo kunye nokukhethwa kwezenzo kwelinye icala kunye nezinto ezinomdla kwelinye. Ngokutsho kwakhe, oku kubonakala kakhulu kukhuthaza ukulingana kwezentlalo kwimidla kunye neengxabano.
Ukwenzela ukubuyisela ukuthembakala kweshishini, umbutho wase-Austrian Public Association Association (ÖPAV) kunye ne-Austrian Lobbying and Council of Public Affairs (ALPAC) babeke imigaqo yokuziphatha kumalungu abo, athi kwiimeko ezininzi aya ngaphaya komgaqo-nkqubo wezomthetho.
Imeko yezomthetho: ukubambisa e-Austria
Kungenxa yokuba aba bantu bahlupheke kakhulu eOstriya. Nangona baphinde baphinda bancedwa amatyeli amaninzi emva kokurhoxa kuka-Ernst Strasser's, sisekhona isidingo esikhulu sokulungiswa. Nangona kunjalo, unyaka ka-2012 ibingunyaka onomtsalane kule meko: IBhunga leSizwe lawupasisa umThetho wokuNgqubeka eLobbning kunye neLobbying, umThetho wamaQela ezoPolitiko, ukuqiniswa kwemigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene norhwaphilizo kunye noMthetho wokungangqinelani kunye nokucaciswa kwamalungu ePalamente. Oku kuzibekela ikhosi ebalulekileyo, kodwa ngelishwa uninzi lwemithetho yavela yangabalulekanga.
UMthetho wokuLobha, umzekelo, ubonelela ngokuziphatha kunye nokubhaliswa kweembophelelo zabameli abanomdla kunye nabenzi bezabelo, kodwa ayibandakanyi amagumbi kwaye ayinikezi naluphi na ulwazi kumxholo wemisebenzi yobambiso. Ubona kuphela amagama kunye nentengiso. Ngokuka-Hubert Sickinger, ke ngoko kungakumbi kwirejista yomzi-mveliso kunerejista yokubonisa elubala. Kodwa nangona oku kuphantse kube lilize. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-3.000-4.000 ye-lobbyists yobungcali eqikelelwa kwi-ÖPAV e-Austria, ngabantu abangama-600 kuphela ababhalisiweyo, i. Ngokwahlukileyo, umThetho wokuHanjiswa kweeMidiya, ocacisa ukuba amaziko oluntu ayacelwa ukuba axele inkcitho ye-PR kunye notyalo-mali, aneqondo lokuphantse lalikhulu leepesenti.
Iyasebenza
Ukugxekwa komthetho wokungena kwindawo yokuhlala nokwenziwa kwezinto ezifunyanwayo kususela ekwandiseni nasekwazisweni kwesibophelelo sobhaliso, ukucaca okucacileyo kwicala leearhente zikarhulumente, ukuya kwindawo yomthetho ezakwenza ukuba uluntu lwazi nokuqondakala, kwisindululo sakhe seminye imigaqo kunye nemithetho.
Imeko iyafana nomthetho wokungqubani kunye nokungafihlisi kwamalungu ePalamente, ethi ibonelele ngomsebenzi wokunika ingxelo ngengeniso yabo kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo. Ezi ngxelo azikhange zijongwe okanye akukho ziteyithi zibubuxoki. Esi sisizathu sokugxekwa rhoqo kweBhunga laseYurophu, okuthi, ukongeza kulawulo kunye nezohlwayo zolwazi, ikwabiza ikhowudi yokuziphatha yamaLungu ePalamente kunye nemithetho ecacileyo yokujongana ne-lobbyists. Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, ukwabiza ukuba kuvinjwe ngokucacileyo kubapalamente abasebenza njengabathengisi ngokwabo.
Veza imali kunye nokuhamba kolwazi
Ubuthathaka bomthetho weqela babonakaliswa ngokungenampembelelo kuthi ngonyaka ka-2019. Inkululeko yomthetho wolwazi iya kuba yimfuneko naseOstriya, njengoko ibifunwa yinkululeko yeForum yoLwazi iminyaka. Oku kubonelela - endaweni yase-Austrian "imfihlo yaseburhulumenteni" - ilungelo loluntu lokufikelela kulwazi oluvela kwiiarhente zikarhulumente. Kungahamba ngaphezulu kokuhamba kwemali nokuya kumaqela kunye nakwezopolitiko kwaye, umzekelo, ukwenza ukusetyenziswa kwerhafu kunye nezigqibo zezopolitiko zikawonke wonke kwaye ziyaqondakala.
Lilonke, imeko yezomthetho yase-Austrian ngokubhekisele kumlo wokulwa urhwaphilizo kunye nefuthe elingalunganga kwimithetho kunye nezigqibo zezopolitiko zingaphezulu kokuhlupheka. Ebumnyameni kulungile ukugquma. Isidingo sokubamba sikhulu kwaye ngokude kucace gca, imithetho ecacileyo yomdlalo ayenzelwe oosopolitiki kunye nabathethi babo, ukungaboni ngasonye kwezopolitiko nodumo olusezantsi lombutho wabo aluyi kutshintsha.
Xa ndikhangela emva, umntu kufuneka abonge uErnst Strasser, kuba ulwazi lwenzonzobila yakhe lwanceda ekubuyiseleni okusemthethweni kwezomthetho. Kwaye kunezibonakaliso ezininzi zokuba ezo ze-Vice Chancellor u-Heinz Christian Strache aziyi kuhlala ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kwezilungiso zomthetho. Nangona le mithetho yamaxesha ngamaxesha iikhilomitha kude ne-future-oriental, ekhanyayo kunye nepolitiki ethembekileyo, le micimbi-inomdla kwisigculelo se wayini sowe-1970- ubuncinci babonise isiphumo sokucoca.
I-INFO: Isalathiso sobuqhetseba kunye nobambisa e-Austria
I-Transparent International iyaziveza Isalathiso seNdawo yoRhwaphilizo (CPI). IDenmark, iFinland kunye neNew Zealand zihleli zingenakuchaphazeleka kwindawo ezintathu eziphezulu ngo-2018, iSouth Sudan, iSyria neSomalia ezantsi.
Ngamanqaku angama-76 kwikhulu elinokuvela, i-Austria iphucule ukuya kwindawo ye-100, apho kuhlala ndawonye iHong Kong ne-Iceland. I-Austria ifumene amanqaku ayi-14 ukusukela ngo-2013. Ngelixa iOstriya isathatha indawo ye-7 kulo nyaka uphelileyo, indawo ephezulu ukusukela ngo-16 - indawo ye-2005 - engekafunyanwa. Xa kuthelekiswa i-EU, iOstriya ikwasemva kweFinland neSweden (indawo yesi-10), iNetherlands kunye neLuxembourg (indawo yesi-3 neye-8) kunye neJamani ne-UK (kwindawo ye-9).
Ngethuba lokunikezelwa kwe-CPI i-2018, iTransparent International ivuselela iphakheji yezimfuno, ezibhekiswe kwiBhunga lesiZwe kunye noRhulumente woMdibaniso, kodwa nakwishishini nakwimibutho yoluntu. "Siqinisekile ukuba ukuzalisekiswa kweemfuno ezikuyo kuya kuzisa ukuphuculwa okubonakalayo kungekuko kwimeko yokwenyani, kodwa kuvavanyo lwe-Austrian njengendawo yamashishini," ugxininisa u-Eva Geiblinger.
Amanyathelo afunekayo:
-Ukuhlaziywa komthetho wokunyanzela kunye neerejista - ngakumbi emva kokugxekwa kwiNkundla yabaPhicothi zincwadi
- Umgaqo-nkqubo weDyunivesithi: Izibophelelo zembonakalo yezivumelwano phakathi kwesayensi kunye nomzi mveliso, umzekelo kwinkxaso-mali yabucala yeqela lesithathu lezemali kwiiyunivesithi zase-Austrian
-Kwandiswa kwezinto elubala oomasipala base-Austria
-Ukungafihlisi kwibhaso lobumi (iipasipoti zegolide)
- Yamkela inkululeko yomthetho wolwazi
-Uxanduva olusemthethweni lokuxela ngeminikelo yamagama avela kumzi-mveliso wamachiza ukuya koogqirha nakumalungu obunye ubuchwephesha bezempilo kunye nerejista yokushicilela esembindini.
- Ukubethwa kwempempe: Isiqinisekiso sokukhuselwa okusemthethweni kwabamhlophe kwishishini labucala, njengoko sele kusenziwa ngabasebenzi bakarhulumente
-Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo wamaqela opolitiko ukuze kubenokwenzeka ukuba kulawulwe kwaye kuvunyelwe amathuba okuvalwa kweminikelo, ukucaca kweminikelo kumaqela nabagqatswa kunye nokuthotyelwa komda weendleko zentengiso.
