Xulashada
Labada shirkadood ee bayoolajiga Corteva iyo Bayer waxay ururiyeen boqollaal codsiyo patent ah dhirta sannadihii u dambeeyay. Corteva ayaa xareeyay 1.430 shatiyo - in ka badan shirkad kasta oo kale - dhirta adeegsata habab cusub Injineernimada hidaha la isticmaalay. Cilmi-baaris caalami ah oo ay si wadajir ah u sameeyeen GLOBAL 2000, Friends of the Earth Europe, Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO), ARCHE NOAH, IG Saatgut - kooxda danta ee shaqada abuur-free GMO iyo Chamber of Labor Vienna waxay baartaa daadkan shatiyada ee ka soo horjeeda asalka hadda waxay ka wada hadleen baabi'inta sharciga injineerinka hidde-sideyaasha EU oo leh ka-reebis dhow oo loogu talagalay injineernimada hidde-socodka cusub (NGT). "Tirada sii kordheysa ee codsiyada patent-ka si loo kordhiyo faa'iidooyinka hababkan NGT ayaa muujinaya ciyaarta labanlaabka ah ee shirkadaha," sida laga soo xigtay qorayaasha warbixinta maanta la daabacay. "Shirkadaha kimikalka iyo abuurku waxay rabaan in la fududeeyo suuqa EU si ay u helaan dhirta NGT-da iyo miraha NGT-da sidaas darteedna ay xitaa kantarool weyn ku yeeshaan beeralayda, taranta dhirta iyo nidaamkayaga cuntada."
Corteva iyo Bayer waxay xakameynayaan ganacsiga patent-ka ee beeraha
Shirkadaha biotech sida Corteva iyo Bayer waxay ammaanaan hababka injineernimada hidde-sidaha cusub inay yihiin hababka 'dabiiciga ah' ee aan la ogaan karin oo sidaas darteed waa in laga dhaafaa kontaroolada badbaadada Midowga Yurub iyo qawaaniinta calaamadaynta cuntooyinka hidde ahaan la beddelay. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxay diyaarinayaan codsiyo kale oo patent NGT ah si ay u sugaan hal abuurkooda farsamo oo ay ku ballaadhiyaan daldaloolada sharciga patentka.
Shatiyeynta bayotechnoolajiyada beeraha waa ganacsi faa'iido badan, koraya. Corteva (oo hore u ahaan jiray Dow, DuPont iyo Pioneer) iyo Bayer (milkiilaha Monsanto) oo hore u maamulay Boqolkiiba 40 ee suuqa abuur warshadaha caalamiga ah. Corteva ayaa xareeyay ilaa 1.430 shatiyo ah oo ku saabsan dhirta NGT ee adduunka oo dhan, Bayer/Monsanto 119. Labada shirkadoodba waxay sidoo kale soo gabagabeeyeen heshiisyo shati oo fog oo ay la galeen machadyada cilmi-baarista ee soo saaray tignoolajiyada. Corteva kaliya kuma koobna muuqaalka patent-ka ee dhirta NGT, laakiin sidoo kale waa shirkaddii ugu horreysay ee leh warshad NGT ee hannaanka oggolaanshaha Midowga Yurub. Iyada oo tan la sharciyeeyay dheeraad ah, Kaas oo u adkaysan kara dhir-diritaan gaar ah, habka NGT ee CRISPR/Cas ayaa loo isticmaalay geeddi-socodka marka lagu daro injineernimada hiddaha hore.
Patent on Dhirta iyo Guryaha
Shatiyada waxaa laga codsan karaa gudaha EU alaabada iyo/ama hababka. Shirkadaha Biotech, tusaale ahaan, waxay dalbadaan shatiyada u oggolaanaya inay sheeganayaan hababka injineernimada hidde-sidaha iyo sifooyinka gaarka ah ee ay sameeyeen hababkan. Tusaale ahaan, Corteva waxay haysataa patent EP 2893023 hab lagu beddelo genome-ka unugga (sidoo kale iyadoo la adeegsanayo codsiga NGT) waxayna sheeganaysaa xuquuqda hantida aqooneed ee dhammaan unugyada, abuurka iyo dhirta ay ku jiraan "hal-abuur" isku mid ah, ha ahaato broccoli, galley, soybean, bariis, qamadi, cudbi, shaciir ama gabbaldayaha ("wax soo saarka hab-raaca") Marka la eego injineernimada hidaha, waa wax aan macquul aheyn in si sax ah loo ogaado waxa la siiyay rukhsadda, maadaama codsiyada badanaa ay yihiin kuwo si ula kac ah u ballaaran si loo helo 'ilaalin' ballaaran. Shirkadaha abuurku waxay si ula kac ah u kala saarayaan faraqa u dhexeeya taranka caadiga ah, mutagenesis random iyo injineernimada hidde-raaca hore iyo kuwa cusub. Mar haddii macluumaadka ku saabsan waxa ku jira shatiyada aan si aad ah loo heli karin, way adag tahay in la ogaado dhirta ama sifooyinka la aqoonsan yahay. Beeralayda, beeralayda ama soosaarayaashu waxay la kulmaan hubanti la'aan sharciyeed oo ku saabsan waxa ay ku samayn karaan dhirta ay la shaqeeyaan maalin kasta, waxa royalties ay tahay in la bixiyo iyo waxa suurtogal ah in ay horseedi karaan dacwad. Monsanto, oo hadda ku milmay Bayer, waxa uu keenay 1997 dacwadood oo ku xad-gudbida patent-ka oo ka dhan ah beeralayda Maraykanka intii u dhaxaysay 2011 iyo 144.
Baahida beeralayda kala duwan ee cimilada u fiican
Isku-duubnida suuqa abuur ee ay wadaan shatiyadu waxay horseedi doontaa kala duwanaansho yar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibaatada cimiladu waxay nagu qasbaysaa in aan u wareegno hababka beerashada u adkeysiga cimilada, kuwaas oo aan u baahnayn wax yar, laakiin u baahan kala duwanaansho badan. Patents-ku wuxuu siinayaa shirkadaha caalamiga ah inay gacanta ku hayaan dalagyada iyo abuurka, xaddidaan gelitaanka kala duwanaanshaha hidde-sidaha waxayna khatar ku yihiin sugnaanta cuntada.
"Shaqsiyado badan oo ku saabsan dhirta ayaa ah ku-takri-falka xuquuqda patent-ka waxayna khatar gelinayaan helitaanka kheyraadka aasaasiga ah ee beeraha iyo wax-soo-saarka cuntada. Waxaan dalbanaynaa in daldaloolada sharciga patent-ka Yurub ee dhinaca bayotechnoolajiyada iyo taranta dhirta la xiro si degdeg ah iyo in la sameeyo xeerar cad oo ka saaraya taranta caadiga ah ee patentability. Katherine Dolan oo ka socota NOAH'S ARK. Taranayaasha dhirta waxay u baahan yihiin inay helaan walxaha hidde-sidaha si ay u horumariyaan dalagyada cimilada u habboon. Beeralayda xaq u yeelashada abuur waa in la hubiyaa.
"Injineernimada cusub ee hidaha ee beeraha waa in la sii wadaa in lagu nidaamiyo si waafaqsan mabda'a taxaddarka. Dalagyada NGT waxay u baahan yihiin in si habboon loo habeeyo, oo leh a sumadda iyo ilaalinta amniga si loo ilaaliyo caafimaadka aadanaha iyo deegaanka si loo xaqiijiyo hufnaanta iyo raadraaca inta lagu jiro silsiladda saadka ee macaamiisha iyo beeralayda." Brigitte Reisenberger, GLOBAL 2000 af hayeenka injineernimada hidaha.
Photo / Video: GLOBAL 2000 / Christopher Glanzl.
