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Vezvematongerwo enyika vanogona kureva nhema?

VaTrump, Kickl, Strache: Vezvematongerwo enyika vanoreva nhema nezvekuti mabara anopinda. Pamusoro pemhedzisiro uye kushaikwa kwemigumisiro yekunzwisisa kwakabvumirana nezvematongerwo enyika.

Vezvematongerwo enyika vanogona kureva nhema?

"Kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vanonyepa kana kururamisa chokwadi hachizi chinhu chitsva, asi hazvina kumboitika kusvika pakadai."

Mutungamiriri wezvematongerwo enyika ane nhema
"Ndichagara ndichikuudza chokwadi," Donald Trump pamutambo muCharlotte, South Carolina, Nyamavhuvhu 2016
"Pamberi peMutungamiri Obama, pakanga pasina kurwisa kukuru kwehugandanga paivhu reAmerica." Rudy Giuliani, chipangamazano wezvemitemo waDonald Trump, aive Meya weNew York panguva yekurwiswa kwaSeptember 11, 2001.
"Zviuru zvevarwi vakapfeka yunifomu vakaiswa muCrimea havasi mauto eRussia," Vladimir Putin munaKurume 2014.
"Utongi hweIraq huchinge hwakavanza dzimwe dzekuuraya zvakapusa zvadzakambofunga." Kutaura kwaGeorge W. Bush kupa mhosva yekupinda muIraq (Kurume 2003)
"Kana EU ikasiya EU, pachange paine $ 350m yakawanda vhiki yega yega yekubhadhara inshuwarheni yehutano." Vatsigiri veBrexit pamberi pecheferendamu muna Chikumi
"Vanhu havana basa nekudziya kwepasirese." Heinz-Christian Strache muhurukuro naStandard, Zvita 2018

Ndira 2019: Heinz Christian Strache akamhan'arira Rudolf Fußi, uyo anobata nevanofambidzana kusvika kumagariro akanyanya-mapapiro ehupamhi mune ye Twitter positi neStrache. Nguva Strache ichiri kumhan'ara kuti iyi foto inomuratidza nehunhu fake, iye anozobvisa chibvumirano ichi.
"Nhema dzinounganidzwa dzeHeinz-Christian Strache" runyorwa rwechokwadi zvinoratidzira zveVice Chancellor kubva Nyamavhuvhu 2015 pane webhusaiti yepakati. Manyepo zana nematanhatu akatonyorwa, kusanganisira iyo yekufambisa pact kana bongozozo dzisina kuitika pamadhimoni. Mumwe waanoshanda naye mubato Herbert Kickl anozivawo nzira yekukanganisa chokwadi. Munguva yekutyorwa kweBAT, gurukota rezvemukati menyika rakati "kutsvagurudza dzimba kwaigara kuchitevedzwa nemutemo wezvemitemo uye mapurisa anozvinyatsoita zvisiri izvo." Asi, chokwadi ndechekuti kutsvaga kweimba kwanga kusiri pamutemo.

Kubvisa kuri kwekuzvidira

Hapana chinhu chitsva kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vanonyepa kana kupfuudza chokwadi, asi hazvisati zvamboitika kusvika pakadai. Uye wezvematongerwo enyika haana kumbobvira arega basa mushure mekunyepa mukati meChipiri Republic. "Mune bumbiro remutemo, hapana chisungo chekuti vezvematongerwo enyika vabve mukunyepedzera kunhema," anotsanangura Gweta rezvemitemo Bernd Wieser, Bhodhi reVatungamiriri ve Institute for Public Law uye Zvematongerwo enyika Sayenzi kuYunivhesiti yeGraz. "Kuzvisiya kunogona kuitika kunobva chete pakuita kwekuzvidira." Sekureva kwaWieser, pane mienzaniso yakakwana yekuzivisa basa iyo isina kumbobvira yakaitika munhoroondo yeAustria, pamusoro pezvose Bruno Kreisky.
Chancellor Sebastian Kurz haatore chokwadi chaizvo kana: Mukubatana ne e-makadhi, iye akataura nezve "kushungurudzwa kwakanyanya" muinishuwarenzi yehutano uye anosimbisa kuti mune ramangwana kunongova ne-e-makadhi ane mafoto. Panzvimbo pekuchengetera, zvisinei, izvi zvinotungamira kurasikirwa kwemamiriyoni gumi nemasere euros zvichienderana nehuwandu nemubatanidzwa mukuru weinishuwarenzi yemagariro. Iko kukuvara kunonzi naKurz kwemamiriyoni mazana maviri euros haina kana kusvika zviuru gumi nezvishanu emauro.
Chancellor zvakare inomira pamwe nekunyarara uye kunyepa pane dzimwe nyaya. Kusanganisira chirevo chekuti maAustria havafanirwe kutya kurasikirwa mumubatsiro kana zvasvika pakuchengetedza mari shoma. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti, zvakadaro, mhuri huru kunyanya dzinokanganiswa nekuderedzwa kwepension yepashoma.

Nhau dzenhema uye disinformation

Right-mapapiro vepapa vezvematongerwo enyika vakaita saHeinz Christian Strache kana VaDonald Trump vanofarira kushandura matafura nekurondedzera vatori venhau sevanonyepa. MunaFebruary 2019, Strache ichaisa mufananidzo weRAF muratidziri Armin Wolf nerunyoro "Pane nzvimbo iyo manyepo anova nhau. Ndo ORF. ”Mutungamiri weUS, VaTrump vari kurwa nenhau dzerusununguko uye neFox News, zviri nyore ane svikiro padivi pake anoburitsa nhau mumweya wake.
Fake News - Mutungamiri weAmerica, VaDonald Trump, vakaimba izwi iri senge pasina mumwe. Iye anoziva nzira yekuzvitsausa nayo kubva kunhema yake yekunyepedzera neyekufungidzirwa kweiyo midhiya yakaoma. Uye kune vazhinji vavo, sekutaurwa kwakaitwa neWashington Post pachiitiko chemakumi mapfumbamwe cheMutungamiriri weUnited States muna Zvita 700: Sekureva bepanhau, zvinorehwa naTrump, 2018 zvainge zvisiri izvo kana kuti zvinotsausa panguva iyoyo.
Izvo zvinowedzera kuve zvakaoma kana isiri vezvematongerwo enyika pachavo, asi vanonzwira tsitsi vanoparadzira mishumo yenhema nezve masevhisi akadai sa whatsapp kana facebook. Muchikamu chekupedzisira chemusangano wesarudzo weUS muna 2016, mishumo yekunyepedzera makumi maviri yakagovaniswa, yakafarikanywa uye kupomoka kakawanda kupfuura zvirevo makumi maviri zvakabudirira kubva kunhau zvine mukurumbira. Nhau dzakawanda dzakataura nezve fungidziro yekuti makambani makuru eBrazil akange achishandisa whatsapp kuparadzira mishumo yenhema achifarira purezidhendi webhuroka rekurudyi Jair Bolsonaro.

Zvematongerwo enyika inoreva nhema netsika

Muhurukuro pane yakaitika zuva rekuzvarwa kwaNelson Mandela zana ramakore munaChikunguru 100, aimbove Mutungamiriri weUSBack Barack Obama akataura nezvenhau dzanhasi dzekunzwisisa chokwadi. Vezvematongerwo enyika vaireva nhema nguva nenguva. Kare ikako, vaitonyara kubatwa, ”akadaro Obama. "Manje ivo vanongoramba vachinyepa."
Zvemunyori uye muzivi Niccolò Machiavelli kunyepa, kunyepedzera uye unyengeri dzaive nzira dzechokwadi mumhirizhonga yezvematongerwo enyika, nyika yakasimba yakasarudza kupesana neisina simba izvo zvaive uye zvaive zvisiri kunyepa. Mune runyorwa rwake "Chokwadi uye Zvematongerwo enyika", Hannah Arendt anonyora kuti zvematongerwo enyika hazvigone kuona chiri chokwadi. "Basa rezvematongerwo enyika harisi rekutsanangura chaicho, asi kuchichinja." Kutsvaga chokwadi ibasa revazivi, vesaenzi, vatongi uye vatori venhau.
Uye kutaura zvazviri, kubhururuka pakati pevakuru vane tsika: Kwatove kumaMiddle Ages, chokwadi chaiwanzozadzikiswa nenzira yezvinyorwa. Semuenzaniso, yekunyengedzwa yakapihwa naDuke Rudolf IV muzana ramakore re14 yakagadzira hwaro hwekusimuka kweHabburgs: mune yeCustomilegium maius chiitiko, veHabsburgs vakati vaive nekodzero dzaive dziripo kwemazana emakore. Madzvinyiriri akadai seaya ari pasi peNational Socialism kana kuti Communism yakasiya kururamisa kwavo pane nhema. Nekudaro, zvaingova neInternet uye nekukwira kwenhau dzemagariro kuti nhema dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakapararira. MuChirungu pane izwi rekuti post-chokwadi zvematongerwo enyika. Semuenzaniso: Kune FPÖ (uye kuwedzera zvakare ÖVP) vanhu vanoziva ichokwadi kuti mhosva yakawedzera kubva pakatanga kufamba kwevapoteri muna 2015 - kunyangwe kana huwandu hwepikicha hwasiyana. Vezvematongerwo enyika vanotora mukana uyu kutamba pa keyboard yekutya.
Kana: Kunyangwe 99 muzana yezvidzidzo ichiratidza kuti shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yakakonzerwa nevanhu, pane kusagara uine chokwadi nazvo. Izvi zvinowanzoitika kana chokwadi chichivhundutsa yako yenyika maonero. Saka kana zvaive zvisina kugadzikana kubata nechokwadi, vazhinji vangatizira kupfungwa dzinobatsira kuvadzvinyirira. Mupfungwa iyi, hazvishamise kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vanonyepa vachiri kuwana mvumo kubva kune vavanotsigira. Icho chokwadi chaTrumps kana kuti Strache manyepo akafukurwa nguva dzose hazvikuvadze mukurumbira wavo - pane zvinopesana.

Vezvematongerwo enyika vanogona kureva nhema?
Vezvematongerwo enyika vanogona kureva nhema?

Kubvunzana nesainzi wezvematongerwo enyika Kathrin Stainer-Hämmerle
Nei zvakanaka kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vareve nhema?
Kathrin Stainer-Hmmmmmm: Iwe unofanirwa kutanga nerusununguko rwekutaura, izvo zvechokwadi zvinoshanda kune wese munhu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vanogona kuita zvese izvo vamwe vagari vanobvumidzwa kuita chero bedzi zvisiri zvemutemo.
Uye nei mapato achidzivirira nhengo dzenhema?
Stainer-Hämmerle: Mapati ari pragmatic, anoita izvo zvinokodzera pfungwa yavo uye anokunda mavhoti.
Iko kupi kwetsika?
Stainer-Hämmerle: Ehe, vezvematongerwo enyika vanofanirwa kuve nekamwe kwetsika uye kwekunzwisisa kunzwisisa, zvinosiririsa kuti izvi hazviwanzo zvakadaro.
Vhoti vanoita basa rei?
Stainer-Hämmerle: Vatsigiri vezvematongerwo enyika vanowanzowira pasarudzo dzinovimbisa kuti, nekubvunzana kwakashomeka, zvaizoonekwa kuti hazvidzoreke. Pano vavhoti vanofanira kutora mutoro wakawedzerwa, kuve wakanyanya kuomarara uye zvakare isa zvakanyanya kumanikidza pane zvisina kufanira maitiro.
Ungadzidzisa sei vavhoti kuita izvi?
Stainer-Hämmerle: Izvo zvinogona kuve zvechokwadi ibasa redzidzo yezvematongerwo enyika, asi zvirokwazvo dzidzo yekutanga iri zvekare chisarudzo chemibvunzo yakaoma.

Photo / Video: Shutterstock.

Yakanyorwa na Susanne Wolf

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