Mhou inofarira mamiriro ekunze

naMartin Auer

Kwete mombe, asi kurima kwemaindasitiri ndiko kusvibisa mamiriro ekunze, anodaro chiremba wemhuka Anita Idel - mumwe wevanyori vanotungamira veWorld Agricultural Report 2008.[1] - mubhuku rinonzi "On the myth of climate-smart agriculture" rakabudiswa pamwe chete nenyanzvi yezvekurima Andrea Beste[2]. Mhou iyi ine mukurumbira wakashata pakati pevaratidziri vemamiriro ekunze nekuda kwebelching methane. Izvi zvakanyanya kuipa kumamiriro ekunze, nekuti methane (CH4) inopisa mhepo kakapetwa makumi maviri neshanu kupfuura CO25. Asi mombe inewo divi rayo rinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze.

Mhou inofarira mamiriro ekunze inogara kunyanya kumafuro. Anodya uswa nehuswa uye haana chikafu chakanyanya. Mhou inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze haiberekerwe kuita zvakanyanyisa. Anongopa marita 5.000 10.000 emukaka pagore panzvimbo pe12.000 50 yeXNUMX XNUMX. Nekuti anogona kuita zvakawanda nehuswa nehuswa sehupfu. Mhou inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze inobereka methane yakawanda parita yega yega yemukaka yainopa kupfuura mhou inobereka zvakanyanya. Asi kuverenga uku hakutauri nyaya yese. Mhou inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze haidyi zviyo, chibage nesoya kure nevanhu. Nhasi, zvikamu makumi mashanu kubva muzana zvegoho rezviyo zvepasi rose zvinopedzisira zvave mumadhishi emombe, nguruve nehuku. Ndosaka zvakakodzera kuti tideredze madyiro atinoita nyama nezvinogadzirwa nemukaka. Masango anotemwa uye uswa hunocheneswa kuti zvirimwa zvefood zvigare izvi zviri kuramba zvichikura. Ose ari maviri "kuchinja kwekushandiswa kwevhu" izvo zvinokuvadza zvakanyanya kumamiriro ekunze. Kudai tisina kudyisa zviyo, ivhu shoma raigona kupa vanhu vakawanda zvokudya. Kana kuti unogona kushanda nenzira dzisina kusimba, asi dzakapfava. Asi mhou iyi inodya uswa husingagone kugayiwa nevanhu. Naizvozvo tinofanirawo kufunga pamusoro izvo nyama uye welche Zvigadzirwa zvemukaka zvatinofanira kurega. Kubva 1993 kusvika 2013, semuenzaniso, nhamba yemombe dzemukaka muNorth Rhine-Westphalia yaipfuura nehafu. Zvisinei, mhou dzakasara dzakabereka mukaka wakawanda kupfuura dzose dzakabatana makore 20 akanga apfuura. Mhou dzaisawirirana nemamiriro ekunze, idzo dzakanga dzapfuyiwa kuti dziwane basa radzo kunyanya kubva pauswa nemafuro, dzakanga dzabviswa. Zvakasara imombe dzemhando yepamusoro, dzinotsamira pakudya kwakawanda kubva muminda ine nitrogen, imwe yacho ichiri kufanira kutengwa kunze kwenyika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kune mamwe masosi e CO2 panguva yekufambisa.

Vanonyanya kubatsirwa nekushandurwa kwemafuro kuva ivhu rinorimika kuti rive chikafu chemhuka ndiwo maindasitiri anopa mapurazi kana kugadzira zvigadzirwa. Saka indasitiri yemakemikari ine mbeu, mineral uye nitrogen fertilizer, mishonga yezvipembenene, chikafu chemhuka, antibiotics, antiparasitics, mahomoni; indasitiri yemichina yekurima, makambani emidziyo yakagadzikana uye makambani ekupfuya mhuka; Makambani ekutakura zvinhu, mombe dzemukaka, imba yekuurayisa uye makambani ezvekudya. Maindasitiri aya haafarire mombe inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze. Nekuti hapana chavanowana kubva kwaari. Nekuda kwekuti haibamwirwe kuitira kuita zvakanyanya, mhou inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze inorarama kwenguva yakareba, inorwara zvishoma uye haifanirwe kupomba yakazara nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Kudya kwemombe inowirirana nemamiriro ekunze inokura pairi uye haifaniri kutakurwa kubva kure. Ivhu rinokura chikafu harifanire kurimwa nemichina yekurima yakasiyana-siyana inodzvova. Haidi nitrogen fertilization uye naizvozvo haikonzeri chero nitrous oxide emissions. Uye nitrous oxide (N2O), iyo inogadzirwa muvhu kana iyo nitrogen isinganyanyi kutorwa nezvirimwa, inokuvadza kanosvika mazana matatu kumamiriro ekunze pane CO300. Muchokwadi, nitrous oxide ndiyo inonyanya kubatsira mune zvekurima mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. 

Huswa hwakashanduka pamusoro pemamiriyoni emakore pamwe chete nemombe nemakwai nembudzi nehama dzadzo: mukubatana-shanduka. Ndosaka mafuro achitsamira pamafuro emhuka. Mhou inowirirana nemamiriro ekunze inoita kuti huswa hukure nekurumwa kwahwo, izvo zvatinoziva kubva mukuchekeresa uswa. Kukura kunoitika kunyanya pasi pevhu, munzvimbo yemidzi. Midzi nemidzi yakatsetseka yehuswa inosvika kaviri kusvika kumakumi maviri ebiomass pamusoro pevhu. Kufudza kunoita kuti muvhu uumbwe uye kuchengetwa kwekabhoni muvhu. Imwe neimwe toni yehumus ine hafu yetani yekabhoni, iyo inobvisa mhepo ye1,8 matani e CO2. Pakazara, mhou iyi inoita zvakawanda kumamiriro ekunze pane kukuvadza kuburikidza nemethane yainoburitsa. Kuwanda kwemidzi yeuswa, zvinoita kuti ivhu richengete mvura zviri nani. Izvi ndezvekudzivirira mafashama uye kushingirira pakusanaya kwemvura. Uye ivhu rakanyatso midzi harikukurwe nekukasika. Nenzira iyi, mhou inochengetedza mamiriro ekunze inobatsira kuderedza kukukurwa kwevhu uye kuchengetedza zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Chokwadi chete kana mafuro akachengetwa mukati memiganhu inogoneka. Kana mhou dzakawandisa, uswa hahukwanisi kukurumidza kudzoka uye midzi inoderera. Miti inodyiwa nemhou yakafukidzwa nema microorganisms. Uye ndove yemombe yaanosiya inowedzerwawo neutachiona. Mukufamba kwekushanduka-shanduka, kudyidzana pakati pepamusoro-uye pasi-pasi-pasi-hupenyu sphere yebhakitiriya yakagadzirwa. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei tsvina yemombe ichinyanya kukurudzira kuorera kwevhu. Ivhu dema revhu rakaorera muUkraine, muPuszta, munzvimbo dzakaderera dzeRomania, munzvimbo dzakaderera dzeGermany uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda mugumisiro wezviuru zvemakore zvokufura. Nhasi, goho guru rinowanikwa ikoko, asi kurima kwakanyanya kuri kubvisa kabhoni kubva muvhu nekukurumidza. 

40 muzana yenzvimbo yepasi ine zvinomera inzvimbo ine uswa. Pedyo nesango, ndiro gurusa remhuka riri panyika. Nzvimbo dzayo dzekugara dzinobva pakuoma zvakanyanya kusvika pakunyorova zvakanyanya, kubva pakupisa zvakanyanya kusvika pakutonhora zvakanyanya. Kuchine nzvimbo yeuswa pamusoro pemutsara wemuti unogona kufura. Nharaunda dzehuswa dzinogonekawo zvakanyanya munguva pfupi nekuti itsika dzakasanganiswa. Mbeu dziri muvhu dzakasiyana siyana uye dzinogona kumera nekumera zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze. Saka, nharaunda dzeuswa dzinopikisa zvakanyanya - "resilient" - masisitimu. Mwaka wadzo wekukurawo unotanga kumberi uye unopera gare gare kupfuura uyo wemiti inodonha. Miti inoumba biomass yakawanda pamusoro pevhu pane huswa. Asi kabhoni yakawanda zvikuru inochengetwa muvhu pasi pemakwenzi ane uswa kupfuura muvhu remusango. Huswa hunoshandiswa kumafuro emombe ndihwo hunoita zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zveminda yose yokurima uye hunopa chokurarama nacho chinokosha chechikamu chimwe chete chegumi chevagari vepasi. Mafuro akanyorova, mafuro eAlpine, steppes uye savannas hazvisi chete pakati pezvitoro zvikuru zvekabhoni, asi zvakare zvinopa hwaro hukuru hwekudyara kwekugadzira mapuroteni pasi pano. Nekuti nzvimbo zhinji dzepasi rose hadzina kukodzera kushandiswa kwenguva refu. Pakudya kwevanhu, nzvimbo idzi dzinogona kushandiswa chete zvakachengetedzeka semafuro. Dai taizosiya zvigadzirwa zvemhuka zvachose, taizorasikirwa nemupiro unokosha wemombe inoshamwaridzana nemamiriro ekunze mukuchengetedza nekuvandudzwa kwevhu, kuchengetedza kabhoni nekuchengetedza zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana. 

Mombe dzine bhiriyoni 1,5 dzakazara pasi redu nhasi zvechokwadi dzakawandisa. Asi mombe ngani dzinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze dzingavapo? Hatiwane mhinduro kumubvunzo chaiwo uyu muchidzidzo chino. Zvingangova zvekufungidzira. Kuti utarise, iwe unogona kuyeuka kuti kutenderera 1900, i.e. isati yagadzirwa uye kushandiswa kukuru kwenitrogen fertilizer, zvishoma chete pamusoro pe400 mamirioni emombe dzaigara pasi.[3]Uye imwe pfungwa yakakosha: Haisi mombe yese inodya uswa inoenderana nemamiriro ekunze: 60 muzana yemafuro akafudzwa zvine mwero kana zvakanyanya uye anotyisidzirwa nekuparadzwa kwevhu.[4] Hutungamiriri hune hungwaru, hwakasimba hunodiwawo pahufundisi. 

Shoko rasvika kuti miti yakakosha pakuchengetedza mamiriro ekunze. Yave nguva yekuti nharaunda yehuswa yakapihwawo kutarisirwa kwakakodzera.

Mufananidzo webutiro: Nuria Lechner
Akaonekwa: Hanna Faist

[1]    https://www.unep.org/resources/report/agriculture-crossroads-global-report-0

[2]    Idel, Anita; Beste, Andrea (2018): Kubva ngano yemamiriro ekunze-akangwara ekurima. kana Sei zvishoma zvezvakaipa hazvina kunaka. Wiesbaden: Iyo Greens European Yemahara Alliance muParamende yeEuropean.

[3]    https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/livestock-counts

[4]    Piipponen J, Jalava M, de Leeuw J, Rizayeva A, Godde C, Cramer G, Herrero M, & Kummu M (2022). Mafambiro epasi rose muuswa hwakatakura huswa uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwezvipfuyo. Global Change Biology, 28, 3902-3919. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16174