Chinyorwa chitsva: Verena Winiwarter - Nzira yekuenda kunharaunda inoshamwaridzana nemamiriro ekunze

naMartin Auer

Muchinyorwa chipfupi ichi, chiri nyore kuverenga, munyori wenhoroondo dzezvakatipoteredza Verena Winiwarter anopa zvinhu zvinomwe zvakakosha panzira inoenda kunharaunda inogona kuchengetedza hupenyu hwezvizvarwa zvinotevera. Hongu, harisi bhuku rekuraira - "Munhanho nomwe kusvika ..." - asi, sekunyora kwaWiniwarter mumashoko ekutanga, mupiro kune gakava richaitwa. Sainzi yechisikigo yagara ichijekesa zvikonzero zvemamiriro ekunze uye dambudziko rezvipenyu uye rakadomawo matanho anodiwa. Winiwarter saka inobata nehuwandu hwemagariro ekuchinja kunofanirwa.

Kufunga kwekutanga zvine chekuita nekugara zvakanaka. Munharaunda yedu yeindasitiri inetiweki yakavakirwa pakupatsanurwa kwevashandi, vanhu kana mhuri havachakwanisa kutarisira hupenyu hwavo vakazvimirira. Tinovimba nezvinhu zvinogadzirwa kumwe kunhu uye nezvivakwa zvakaita sepombi dzemvura, pombi dzesuweji, gasi netambo dzemagetsi, zvekufambisa, nzvimbo dzeutano nezvimwe zvakawanda zvatisingazvitarisire isu pachedu. Isu tinovimba kuti mwenje uchauya kana isu tafinya switch, asi kutaura zvazviri isu hatina simba pamusoro payo. Zvese izvi zvimiro zvinoita kuti hupenyu huvepo kwatiri hazvigoneke pasina masangano ehurumende. Ingave nyika inoita kuti vawanikwe pachayo kana kudzora kuwanikwa kwavo kuburikidza nemitemo. Komputa inogona kugadzirwa nekambani yakazvimirira, asi pasina hurongwa hwedzidzo yehurumende pangadai pasina anoivaka. Mumwe haafaniri kukanganwa kuti hutano hwevanhu, kubudirira sezvatinoziva, hwakaitwa kuti hugoneke nekushandiswa kwefossil fuels uye inobatanidza zvisingaverengeki nehurombo hwe "Third World" kana kuti Global South. 

Padanho rechipiri ndezvekugarisana zvakanaka. Izvi zvinonangana neramangwana, pakupa hupenyu hwedu uye hwechizvarwa chinotevera uye icho chinotevera. Masevhisi echido cheruzhinji ndizvo zvinodikanwa uye zvinokonzeresa nzanga yakagadzikana. Kuti nyika iite mabasa ezvido zvevanhu vose, inofanirwa kunge iri nyika inotevedzwa nebumbiro remitemo yakavakirwa pakodzero dzisingarambikidze vanhu nedzakakosha. Huwori hunodzikisira mabasa anobudirira echido chevanhu. Kunyange kana masangano anofarirwa neveruzhinji, akadai sepombi yemvura, akatengeswa, migumisiro yacho yakaipa, sezvinoratidzwa noruzivo rwokuzviwanira mumaguta akawanda.

Padanho rechitatu utongi hwemutemo, kodzero dzakakosha uye dzekodzero dzevanhu dzinoongororwa: “Nyika ine bumbiro remutemo chete umo vakuru vakuru vose vanofanira kuzviisa pasi pemutemo uye umo vatongi vakazvimirira voga vanovaongorora vanogona kudzivirira vagari vemunyika kubva kumhirizhonga nemhirizhonga yenyika. nyika, chiito chinogonawo kutorwa pamusoro pekusaruramisira kwenyika. European Convention on Human Rights yave ichishanda muAustria kubvira muna 1950. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, izvi zvinovimbisa kodzero yemunhu wese yehupenyu, rusununguko uye chengetedzo. "Saka," Winwarter anopedzisa, "nhengo dzeAustria dzekodzero huru dzedemocracy dzinofanirwa kuchengetedza mararamiro evanhu munguva refu kuitira kuti dziite maererano nebumbiro remitemo, uye nokudaro kwete kungoshandisa Paris Climate Agreement, asiwo kuita zvakakwana se zvezvakatipoteredza uye nokudaro vadziviriri vehutano." Hongu, idzo kodzero dzakakosha muAustria hadzisi "kodzero dzemunhu" dzinogona kunzi nemunhu mumwechete, asi ingori gwara rekuita kwehurumende. Saka zvingave zvakakosha kuti zvibatanidze chisungo chehurumende chekuona kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze mubumbiro. Zvisinei, chero mutemo wenyika pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze unofanirawo kuiswa muhurongwa hwepasi rose, sezvo kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze riri dambudziko repasi rose. 

danho rechina inodudza zvikonzero zvitatu nei dambudziko remamiriro ekunze riri dambudziko “rinonyengera”. "Dambudziko rakaipa" ishoko rakagadzirwa nevarongi venzvimbo Rittel naWebber muna 1973. Vanorishandisa kuratidza matambudziko asingagoni kunyatsotsanangurwa. Matambudziko ehunyengeri anowanzo kuve akasiyana, saka hapana nzira yekuwana mhinduro kuburikidza nekuedza nekukanganisa, uye hapana mhinduro dzakajeka dzechakanaka kana dzisiridzo, asi mhinduro dziri nani kana dzakaipa. Kuvapo kwedambudziko kunogona kutsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana, uye zvinogona kugadziriswa zvinoenderana netsanangudzo. Pane mhinduro imwe chete yakajeka yedambudziko rekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pamwero wesainzi: Hapasisina magasi egreenhouse mumhepo! Asi kuita izvi idambudziko renzanga. Ichaitwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi mhinduro senge kabhoni kubatwa uye kuchengetedza uye geoengineering, kana kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemararamiro, kurwisa kusaenzana uye kuchinja hunhu, kana kuburikidza nekuguma kune capitalism inotungamirwa nemari yemari uye pfungwa yekukura? Winiwarter inoratidzira zvinhu zvitatu: imwe "hudzvinyiriri hwazvino" kana kungoona kupfupi kwevezvematongerwo enyika vanoda kuchengetedza tsitsi dzevavhoti varipo: "Matongerwe enyika eAustria akabatikana, nekuisa mberi kukura kwehupfumi kunokanganisa mamiriro ekunze, Kuchengetedza pension. kune vari mudyandigere vanhasi pane kuita kuti vazukuru vave neramangwana rakanaka kuburikidza nemitemo yekudzivirira mamiriro ekunze.” Chechipiri ndechekuti vaya vasingafariri matanho ekugadzirisa dambudziko vanowanzoona dambudziko, panyaya iyi, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. , kuramba kana kurerutsa. Chinhu chechitatu chine chekuita ne "ruzha rwekutaurirana", i.e. kuwanda kweruzivo rusina basa umo ruzivo rwakakosha rwakarasika. Pamusoro pezvo, mashoko asiriwo, chokwadi chehafu uye zvisina maturo zvinoparadzirwa nenzira yakanangwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviomere vanhu kuita sarudzo dzakarurama uye dzine musoro. Vezvenhau vakasununguka uye vakazvimirira chete ndivo vanogona kuchengetedza hutongi hwejekerere. Zvisinei, izvi zvinodawo mari yakazvimirira uye masangano akazvimirira ega. 

Danho rechishanu inodoma kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza sehwaro hweruramisiro yose. Hurombo, zvirwere, kushomeka kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri, kusaverenga uye kukuvadzwa kubva munzvimbo ine muchetura zvinoita kuti zvisaite kuti vanhu vatore chikamu munhaurirano dzegutsaruzhinji. Ruramisiro yezvakatipoteredza ndiyo hwaro hwebumbiro remitemo yegutsaruzhinji, hwaro hwekodzero dzekodzero nekodzero dzevanhu, nekuti inogadzira zvinodikanwa zvemuviri zvekutora chikamu pakutanga. Winiwarter akatora mashoko enyanzvi yezveupfumi yokuIndia, Amartya Sen, pakati pevamwe. Rusununguko runosanganisira mukana wekutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika, masangano ehupfumi anovimbisa kugoverwa, kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu kuburikidza nemubhadharo wepasi uye mabhenefiti emagariro, mikana yemagariro kuburikidza nekuwana dzidzo uye hutano masisitimu, uye rusununguko rwenhau. Rusununguko rwose urwu runofanira kutaurirana nenzira yekudyidzana. Uye izvo zvinogoneka chete kana vanhu vachiwana zviwanikwa zvezvakatipoteredza uye vasina kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza. 

Nhanho yechitanhatu inoramba ichibata nemafungiro ekururamisira uye matambudziko akabatanidzwa. Chekutanga, budiriro yezviyero zvinotarisirwa kutungamira kune kururamisira kwakawanda kazhinji kunonetsa kutarisa. Kuzadzikiswa kwezvibodzwa gumi nenomwe zvekusimudzira zveAgenda 17, semuenzaniso, kunofanirwa kuyerwa uchishandisa 2030 zviratidzo. Dambudziko rechipiri kushaikwa kwekujekesa. Kusaenzana kwakakomba kazhinji kazhinji hakuoneki kunyange kuna avo vasina kubatwa, izvo zvinoreva kuti hapana chikonzero chokuvatorera chiito. Chetatu, pane kusaenzana kwete chete pakati pevanhu varipo nevemangwana chete, asiwo pakati peGlobal South neGlobal North, uye kwete zvishoma mukati menyika imwe neimwe. Kuderedza hurombo kuMaodzanyemba hakufanirwe kuuya nekudhura kweMaodzanyemba, kuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze hakufanirwe kuuya nemutengo weavo vakatotambura, uye hupenyu hwakanaka huripo haufanirwe kuuya nekurasikirwa kweramangwana. Ruramisiro inogona chete kutaurirana, asi kutaurirana kunowanzo dzivirira kusanzwisisana, kunyanya padanho repasi rose.

nhanho yechinomwe inosimbisa kuti: “Pasina runyararo nekubvisa zvombo hapana raramo.” Hondo hairevi kuparadzwa pakarepo, kunyangwe munguva dzerunyararo, mauto nehondo zvinokonzeresa magasi egreenhouse uye kumwe kukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvinotora zviwanikwa zvakakura izvo zvinofanirwa kushandiswa zviri nani kuchengetedza. hwaro hwehupenyu. Runyararo runoda kuvimbana, izvo zvinongowanikwa chete kuburikidza nekutora chikamu kwedemocracy uye kutonga kwemutemo. Winiwarter anonokora mashoko muzivi wetsika Stephen M. Gardiner, uyo anokarakadza kokorodzano yepasi rose yebumbiro remitemo kuti nzanga yenyika inowirirana nemamiriro okunze igoneke. Serudzi rwechiito chekuedza, anoronga musangano weAustria wemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvinofanirwawo kugadzirisa kusahadzika kune vazhinji vevaratidziri, masangano evanopa mazano uye vadzidzi nezve kugona kwedemocracy kutarisana nematambudziko emamiriro ekunze. Kuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunoda kushanda nesimba kwevanhu, izvo zvinogoneka chete kana zvichitsigirwa nede facto ruzhinji. Saka hapana nzira yakatenderedza kurwira demokrasi kune ruzhinji. Kokorodzano yebumbiro remamiriro ekunze inogona kutanga shanduko yemasangano inodiwa kuita izvi, uye inogona kubatsira kuvaka chivimbo chekuti budiriro inogoneka. Nekuti zvakanyanya kuoma matambudziko, kunonyanya kukosha kuvimba, kuitira kuti nzanga irambe ichikwanisa kuita.

Chekupedzisira, uye panenge papfuura, Winiwarter anoenda kusangano rinonyatso gadzira nzanga yemazuva ano: iyo "yemahara hupfumi hwemusika". Anotanga atora mashoko emunyori Kurt Vonnegut, uyo anopupura nezvemaitiro ekupindwa muropa munharaunda yeindasitiri, zvinoti kupindwa muropa nemafuta ezvicherwa, uye anofanotaura "kutonhora". Uyezve nyanzvi yezvinodhaka Bruce Alexander, uyo anoti dambudziko repasi rose rekupindwa muropa nenyaya yekuti hupfumi hwemusika wakasununguka hunoisa vanhu kudzvinyiriro yekusarudzika uye kukwikwidza. Sekureva kwaWiniwarter, kuenda kure nemafuta ezvicherwa kunogona kukonzerawo kusimuka kubva kuhupfumi hwemusika wakasununguka. Anoona nzira yekubuda nayo mukusimudzira kubatanidzwa kwepfungwa, i.e. kudzoreredzwa kwenharaunda dzakaparadzwa nekushandiswa, iyo nharaunda yakave yakasvibiswa. Izvi zvinofanirwa kutsigirwa mukuvakazve. Imwe nzira kune hupfumi hwemusika ingave mishandirapamwe yemarudzi ese, umo basa rinotarirwa kunharaunda. Saka nzanga ine ushamwari hwemamiriro ekunze ndeiya isina kupindwa muropa nemafuta ezvicherwa kana zvinodhaka zvinochinja pfungwa, nokuti inosimudzira utano hwepfungwa dzevanhu kuburikidza nekubatana uye kuvimbana. 

Chinosiyanisa rondedzero iyi inzira yekudyidzana. Vaverengi vachawana mareferensi kune akati wandei evanyori vanobva munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzesainzi. Zviri pachena kuti chinyorwa chakadaro hachigoni kupindura mibvunzo yose. Asi sezvo kunyora kwacho kuchienderana nechikumbiro chegungano rebumbiro remitemo yemamiriro ekunze, munhu angatarisira kurondedzerwa kwakadzama kwemabasa ayo gungano rakadaro raifanira kugadzirisa. Sarudzo yeparamende ine ruzhinji rwezvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvingakwana kuwedzera bumbiro riripo kuti risanganise nyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwemamiriro ekunze uye masevhisi anofarirwa nevakawanda. Kokorodzano yakanyatsosarudzwa ingangove ine chekuita nechimiro chenyika yedu, pamusoro pezvose nemubvunzo wekuti zvinofarirwa nezvizvarwa zvichauya, izvo zvatisinganzwi, zvinogona kumiririrwa sei panguva ino. Nokuti, sekutaura kunoita Stephen M. Gardiner, masangano edu azvino, kubva munyika kusvika kuUN, haana kugadzirirwa izvozvo. Izvi zvinozosanganisirawo mubvunzo wekuti, kunze kwechimiro chezvino chedemocracy inomiririra nevamiririri vevanhu, panogona kuva nemamwe maitiro ayo, semuenzaniso, kushandura masimba ekuita zvisarudzo mberi "pasi", i.e. pedyo neavo vanobatwa . Mubvunzo wedemocracy yehupfumi, hukama pakati pehupfumi hwakazvimiririra, hune purofiti kune rumwe rutivi uye hupfumi hwenharaunda hwakanangana kune zvakanaka kune rumwe, hunofanirawo kuve musoro wegungano rakadai. Pasina mutemo wakasimba, hupfumi hwakasimba hahufungidzike, kana chete nekuti zvizvarwa zvinotevera hazvigone kukanganisa hupfumi sevatengi kuburikidza nemusika. Naizvozvo zvinofanirwa kujekeswa kuti mirau yakadai ichauya sei.

Chero zvazvingava, bhuku raWiniwarter rinokurudzira nokuti rinokwevera kutarisa kure nepamusoro pematanho etekinoroji akadai sesimba remhepo uye electromobility kune zviyero zvekugarisana kwevanhu.

Verena Winivarter munyori wezvakaitika kare. Akavhoterwa sainzi wegore muna 2013, inhengo yeAustrian Academy yeSainzi uye anotungamira komisheni yezvidzidzo zvezvakatipoteredza. Iye inhengo yeScientists for Future. A Hurukuro nezvedambudziko remamiriro ekunze uye nzanga inogona kunzwika pane yedu podcast "Alpenglühen". Bhuku rako ririmo Picus muparidzi akaonekwa.