Kutembenuka kwakukulu: Zomangamanga Zapadera za APCC zamoyo wokonda nyengo

Sikophweka kukhala okonda nyengo ku Austria. M'madera onse a anthu, kuchokera kuntchito ndi chisamaliro kupita ku nyumba, kuyenda, zakudya ndi zosangalatsa, kusintha kwakukulu n'kofunika kuti moyo ukhale wabwino kwa aliyense m'kupita kwanthawi popanda kudutsa malire a dziko lapansi. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa sayansi pa mafunsowa zidapangidwa, kuwonedwa ndikuwunikidwa ndi asayansi apamwamba aku Austria pazaka ziwiri. Umo ndi momwe lipoti ili linabwera, yankho ayenera kupereka ku funso lakuti: Kodi mikhalidwe ya anthu wamba ingapangidwe motani m’njira yakuti moyo wokonda nyengo ukhale wotheka?

Ntchito ya lipotili idayendetsedwa ndi Dr. Ernest Aigner, yemwenso ndi Scientist for future. Poyankhulana ndi Martin Auer kuchokera ku Scientists for Future, amapereka zambiri zokhudza chiyambi, zomwe zili ndi zolinga za lipotilo.

Funso loyamba: Kodi mbiri yanu ndi yotani, madera omwe mumagwira nawo ntchito ndi ati?

Mpaka chilimwe chatha ndinagwira ntchito ku Vienna University of Economics and Business mu Dipatimenti ya Socio-Economics. Mbiri yanga ndi zachuma zachilengedwe, chifukwa chake ndagwira ntchito kwambiri pakusintha kwanyengo, chilengedwe ndi chuma - mosiyanasiyana - ndipo malinga ndi izi ndakhala ndi zaka ziwiri zapitazi - kuyambira 2020 mpaka 2022 - lipoti "Structures kuti mukhale ndi Moyo wokonda nyengo” adakonzedwa ndi kukonzedwa. Tsopano ndili kuZaumoyo Austria GmbH" mu dipatimenti ya "Climate and Health", momwe timagwira ntchito zokhudzana ndi chitetezo cha nyengo ndi chitetezo chaumoyo.

Ili ndi lipoti la APCC, Austrian Panel on Climate Change. Kodi APCC ndi ndani ndipo ndi ndani?

APCC, titero kunena kwake, ndi mnzake waku Austria Bungwe la Intergovernmental Panel pa Kusintha kwa Chilengedwe, mu German “World Climate Council”. APCC imagwirizana ndi izi ccka, awa ndi malo ofufuza zanyengo ku Austria, ndipo izi zimasindikiza malipoti a APCC. Loyamba, lochokera ku 2014, linali lipoti lofotokoza mwachidule za kafukufuku wanyengo ku Austria m'njira yoti opanga zisankho komanso anthu azidziwitsidwa zomwe sayansi ikunena pazanyengo mokulirapo. Malipoti apadera okhudza mitu yeniyeni amasindikizidwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, panali lipoti lapadera la "Climate and Tourism", ndiye panali imodzi pa nkhani ya thanzi, ndipo posachedwapa "Mapangidwe a moyo wokonda nyengo" amayang'ana pa zomangamanga.

Zomangamanga: "msewu" ndi chiyani?

Kodi "mapangidwe" ndi chiyani? Izo zikumveka zosamveka.

Kunena zoona, ndizosamveka, ndipo takhala ndi mikangano yambiri pa izi. Ndinganene kuti miyeso iwiri ndi yapadera pa lipoti ili: imodzi ndi yakuti lipoti la sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kafukufuku wa zanyengo nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi sayansi yachilengedwe chifukwa imagwira ntchito za meteorology ndi geoscience ndi zina zotero, ndipo lipotili limakhazikika bwino mu sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndipo likunena kuti zomanga ziyenera kusintha. Ndipo zomanga ndizo zonse zomwe zimakhazikika pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndikupangitsa kuti zochita zina zisachitike, kupangitsa kuti zinthu zina zisatheke, kuwonetsa zochita zina komanso kusawonetsa zochita zina.

Chitsanzo chapamwamba ndi msewu. Mudzayamba kuganiza za zomangamanga, ndizo zonse zakuthupi, koma palinso malamulo onse, mwachitsanzo, malamulo ovomerezeka. Amasandutsa msewu kukhala msewu, motero dongosolo lazamalamulo ndilomanganso. Ndiye, ndithudi, chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kuti munthu athe kugwiritsa ntchito msewu ndi kukhala ndi galimoto kapena kugula. Pachifukwa ichi, mitengo imakhalanso ndi gawo lalikulu, mitengo ndi misonkho ndi ndalama zothandizira, izi zimayimiranso dongosolo. . M'lingaliro limenelo, munthu akhoza kulankhula za zomangamanga zapakati. Inde, imagwiranso ntchito yemwe amayendetsa magalimoto akuluakulu, omwe amayendetsa ang'onoang'ono, ndi omwe amakwera njinga. Pachifukwa ichi, kusiyana pakati pa chikhalidwe ndi malo pakati pa anthu kumakhalanso ndi gawo - mwachitsanzo, kumene mukukhala ndi mwayi umene muli nawo. Mwanjira imeneyi, kuchokera kumalingaliro asayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, munthu amatha kugwira ntchito mwadongosolo kudzera m'magulu osiyanasiyana ndikudzifunsa kuti magawo awa pamitu yomwe akuphunzira amapangitsa kuti moyo wokonda nyengo ukhale wovuta kapena wosavuta. Ndipo ndicho chinali cholinga cha lipotili.

Malingaliro anayi pa zomanga

Lipotilo limapangidwa kumbali imodzi molingana ndi minda yochitapo kanthu komanso kumbali inayo molingana ndi njira, mwachitsanzo. B. za msika kapena za kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena zatsopano zaumisiri. Kodi mungafotokoze moonjezera pang'ono?

Malingaliro:

kawonedwe ka msika: Zizindikiro zamitengo ya moyo wokonda nyengo…
kawonedwe katsopano: kukonzanso kwazinthu zopanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe azachuma…
Kawonedwe kakutumizidwa: Njira zoperekera zomwe zimathandizira kukwanira ndi machitidwe okhazikika komanso njira zamoyo…
chikhalidwe - chikhalidwe: ubale pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe, kusonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri, kusalingana pakati pa anthu ...

Inde, mu gawo loyamba njira zosiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro akufotokozedwa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, zikuwonekeratu kuti ziphunzitso zosiyana sizifika pamalingaliro ofanana. Pachifukwa ichi, malingaliro osiyanasiyana akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Ife mu lipoti timapereka magulu anayi, njira zinayi zosiyana. Njira imodzi yomwe ili m'makambirano a anthu ndiyo kuyang'ana pamitengo yamitengo ndi njira zamisika. Yachiwiri, yomwe ikulandira chidwi chowonjezereka koma sichidziwika bwino, ndi njira zosiyana zoperekera katundu ndi njira zoperekera: yemwe amapereka zowonongeka, omwe amapereka ndondomeko ya malamulo, omwe amapereka chithandizo ndi katundu. Lingaliro lachitatu lomwe tazizindikira m'mabuku ndikuyang'ana pazatsopano mwatsatanetsatane, mwachitsanzo, mbali imodzi, ndithudi, mbali zaumisiri zazinthu zatsopano, komanso njira zonse za chikhalidwe zomwe zimagwirizana nazo. Mwachitsanzo, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa magalimoto amagetsi kapena ma e-scooters, osati teknoloji yokha yomwe imachokera kusintha, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Gawo lachinayi, ndilo lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndilo lingaliro lakuti muyenera kumvetsera zochitika zazikulu zachuma ndi geopolitical ndi chikhalidwe cha nthawi yaitali. Kenako zimadziwikiratu chifukwa chake mfundo zanyengo sizikuyenda bwino monga momwe munthu angayembekezere m'njira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zolepheretsa kukula, komanso zochitika zamayiko, nkhani za demokalase ndi ndale. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, momwe anthu akugwirizanirana ndi dziko lapansi, momwe timamvetsetsera chilengedwe, kaya timawona chilengedwe ngati gwero kapena kudziwona tokha ngati gawo la chilengedwe. Umenewo ungakhale kawonedwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Minda zochita

Minda yochitapo kanthu imachokera pamalingaliro anayi awa. Pali zomwe zimakambidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’ndondomeko yanyengo: kuyenda, nyumba, zakudya, ndiyeno zina zingapo zimene sizinakambidwe kaŵirikaŵiri, monga ntchito yopindulitsa kapena ntchito yosamalira ana.

Minda zochita:

Nyumba, zakudya, kuyenda, ntchito zopindulitsa, ntchito yosamalira, nthawi yopuma komanso tchuthi

Lipotilo limayesa kuzindikira zomwe zikuwonetsa magawowa. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo lazamalamulo limatsimikizira momwe anthu okonda nyengo amakhala. Njira zaulamuliro, mwachitsanzo, federalism, yemwe ali ndi mphamvu zopanga zisankho, ntchito yomwe EU ili nayo, ndiyomwe imayang'anira momwe chitetezo chanyengo chikugwiritsidwira ntchito kapena momwe lamulo loletsa kuteteza nyengo limakhazikitsidwa - kapena ayi. Kenaka zimapitirira: njira zopangira chuma kapena zachuma monga momwe zimakhalira, kudalirana kwa mayiko monga dongosolo la dziko lonse lapansi, misika yachuma monga dongosolo la dziko lonse lapansi, kusalingana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi malo, kuperekedwa kwa chithandizo cha boma, ndipo ndithudi kukonzekera kwa malo ndi mutu wofunikira. Maphunziro, momwe dongosolo la maphunziro limagwirira ntchito, kaya likugwirizananso ndi kukhazikika kapena ayi, momwe maluso ofunikira amaphunzitsidwa. Ndiye pali funso la zofalitsa ndi zomangamanga, momwe makina osindikizira amapangidwira komanso ntchito zomwe zimagwira ntchito.

Zomangamanga zomwe zimalepheretsa kapena kulimbikitsa kusintha kwanyengo m'njira zonse:

Lamulo, utsogoleri ndi kutenga nawo mbali pazandale, dongosolo lazatsopano ndi ndale, kupereka katundu ndi mautumiki, maunyolo azinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi magawo a ntchito, kayendetsedwe kazachuma ndi zachuma, kusalingana kwa chikhalidwe ndi malo, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, kukonza malo, nkhani zofalitsa nkhani ndi zomangamanga, maphunziro ndi sayansi, zomanga ma network

Njira Zosinthira: Kodi timachoka bwanji kuno kupita uko?

Zonsezi, kuchokera kumawonedwe, ku minda yochitapo kanthu, mpaka kumapangidwe, zimagwirizanitsidwa mu mutu womaliza kupanga njira zosinthira. Amakonza mwadongosolo kuti ndi zosankha ziti zomwe zingathe kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha nyengo, zomwe zimalimbikitsana pamene pangakhale zotsutsana, ndipo zotsatira zazikulu za mutuwu ndikuti pali kuthekera kwakukulu pakubweretsa njira zosiyanasiyana pamodzi ndi zosankha zosiyanasiyana zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. zomangamanga pamodzi. Izi zikumaliza lipoti lonse.

Njira zokhazikika zosinthira

Malangizo a msika wokomera nyengo (Mitengo yotulutsa mpweya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, kuthetsedwa kwa zothandizira zowononga nyengo, kutseguka kwaukadaulo)
Chitetezo cha nyengo pogwiritsa ntchito chitukuko chogwirizana chaukadaulo (ndondomeko yaukadaulo yoyendetsedwa ndi boma kuti iwonjezere magwiridwe antchito)
Kutetezedwa kwanyengo ngati kuperekedwa kwa boma (Zogwirizana ndi boma zopangitsa moyo kukhala wogwirizana ndi nyengo, mwachitsanzo, kudzera mukukonzekera malo, kuyika ndalama muzoyendera za anthu onse; malamulo oletsa machitidwe owononga nyengo)
Moyo wabwino ndi nyengo kudzera muzatsopano (kukonzanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, madera azachuma komanso kukwanira)

Ndondomeko yanyengo imachitika pamlingo wopitilira umodzi

Lipotilo likugwirizana kwambiri ndi Austria ndi Europe. Mkhalidwe wapadziko lonse lapansi umatengedwa ngati pali kuyanjana.

Inde, chinthu chapadera pa lipotili ndikuti likunena za Austria. M'malingaliro mwanga, chimodzi mwa zofooka za malipoti a IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ndikuti nthawi zonse amayenera kuyang'ana dziko lonse lapansi ngati poyambira. Pambuyo pake palinso mitu yaying'ono ya zigawo monga ku Ulaya, koma ndondomeko zambiri za nyengo zimachitika pamagulu ena, kaya ndi municipalities, chigawo, boma, federal, EU ... Kotero lipotilo limatchula kwambiri Austria. Ndichonso cholinga cha masewerawa, koma Austria imadziwika kale ngati gawo lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake palinso mutu wokhudza kudalirana kwa mayiko komanso mutu wokhudzana ndi misika yazachuma padziko lonse lapansi.

Limanenanso "mapangidwe a moyo wokonda nyengo" osati moyo wokhazikika. Koma vuto la nyengo ndi gawo lavuto lalikulu lokhazikika. Ndi mbiri yakale, chifukwa ndi Austrian Panel on Climate Change, kapena pali chifukwa china?

Inde, ndicho chifukwa chake. Ndi lipoti la nyengo, kotero cholinga chake ndi kukhala okonda nyengo. Komabe, ngati muyang'ana lipoti la IPCC lamakono kapena kafukufuku wamakono wa nyengo, mumapeza mwamsanga kuti kuyang'ana kwambiri pa mpweya wotenthetsa mpweya sikungakhale kothandiza. Chifukwa chake, pamlingo wofotokozera, tasankha kumvetsetsa Green Living motere: "Kukhala okonda nyengo kumateteza nyengo yomwe imapangitsa moyo wabwino mkati mwa malire a mapulaneti." Pakumvetsetsa kumeneku, kumbali imodzi, pali kutsindika pa mfundo yakuti pali malingaliro omveka bwino pa moyo wabwino, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zofunikira za chikhalidwe cha anthu ziyenera kutetezedwa, kuti pali zofunikira, kuti kusagwirizana kumachepetsedwa. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Komano, pali funso la malire a mapulaneti, sikuti ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, koma kuti zovuta zamitundumitundu zimagwiranso ntchito, kapena phosphorous ndi nitrate kuzungulira, etc. moyo ndi wotakata kwambiri umamveka.

Lipoti la ndale basi?

Kodi lipotilo ndi ndani? Kodi amene akulandira ndi ndani?

Kumbali imodzi, omvera ndi onse omwe amapanga zisankho zomwe zimapangitsa moyo wokonda nyengo kukhala wosavuta kapena wovuta. Inde, izi siziri zofanana kwa aliyense. Kumbali imodzi, ndithudi ndale, makamaka ndale omwe ali ndi luso lapadera, mwachiwonekere Unduna wa Chitetezo cha Nyengo, komanso Unduna wa Zantchito ndi Zachuma kapena Unduna wa Zachuma ndi Zaumoyo, komanso Unduna wa Zamaphunziro. Chifukwa chake mitu yaukadaulo yomwe ili ndi mautumiki omwe ali nawo. Koma komanso pamlingo wa boma, onse omwe ali ndi luso, komanso pagulu la anthu, ndipo ndithudi makampani amasankhanso m'njira zambiri ngati kukhala ndi moyo wokonda nyengo kumatheka kapena kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu ndi chakuti zida zolipirira zilipo. Zitsanzo zosakambidwa pang'ono ndizo ngati nthawi yogwira ntchito imapangitsa kukhala kotheka kukhala ndi moyo wokonda nyengo konse. Kaya ndingathe kugwira ntchito m’njira yoti ndizitha kuyendayenda m’njira yogwirizana ndi nyengo panthaŵi yanga yopuma kapena patchuthi, kaya bwana angalole kapena kulola kugwira ntchito kunyumba, ndi maufulu otani amene zimenezi zimagwirizana nawo. Tsopano awa ndi ma adilesi...

Zionetsero, kukana ndi kukangana pagulu ndizopakati

...ndipo ndithudi kutsutsana kwa anthu. Chifukwa zikuwonekeratu kuchokera mu lipotili kuti zionetsero, kukana, mikangano yapagulu komanso chidwi ndi media ndizofunika kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse bwino nyengo. Ndipo lipotilo likuyesera kuthandizira mkangano wapagulu wodziwitsidwa. Ndi cholinga chakuti mtsutsowo umachokera ku kafukufuku wamakono, kuti amasanthula zochitika zoyambazo mozama ndikuyesera kukambirana zosankha zapangidwe ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito mogwirizanitsa.

Ndipo kodi lipotili likuwerengedwa mu mautumiki?

Ine sindingakhoze kuweruza izo chifukwa ine sindikudziwa zomwe zikuwerengedwa mu mautumiki. Tikulumikizana ndi ochita zisudzo osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zina tamva kale kuti chidule chake chawerengedwa ndi okamba. Ndikudziwa kuti chidulechi chatsitsidwa nthawi zambiri, timapitilizabe kufunsa mafunso pamitu yosiyanasiyana, koma ndithudi tikufuna chidwi chochuluka pawailesi yakanema. Panali a msonkhano wa atolankhani ndi Bambo Kocher ndi Mayi Gewessler. Izi zidalandiridwanso m'ma TV. Nthawi zonse pamakhala nkhani za m'nyuzipepala zonena za izi, koma ndithudi pali malo oti tiwongolere malinga ndi momwe timaonera. Makamaka, nthawi zambiri amatha kutchulidwa ku lipoti pamene mfundo zina zomwe sizingagwirizane ndi ndondomeko ya nyengo zimaperekedwa.

Gulu lonse la asayansi linakhudzidwa

Kodi ndondomekoyi inali yotani? Ofufuza 80 adakhudzidwa, koma sanayambe kafukufuku watsopano. Kodi iwo anachita chiyani?

Inde, lipotili si ntchito yoyambirira yasayansi, koma chidule cha kafukufuku wofunikira ku Austria. Ntchitoyi imathandizidwa ndi thumba la nyengo, yemwe adayambitsanso mawonekedwe a APCC zaka 10 zapitazo. Kenako ndondomeko imayambika imene ofufuza amavomereza kutenga maudindo osiyanasiyana. Ndiye ndalama zogwirizanitsa zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo m'chilimwe cha 2020 ndondomeko ya konkire inayamba.

Monga ndi IPCC, iyi ndi njira yokhazikika. Choyamba, pali magawo atatu a olemba: pali olemba akuluakulu, mlingo umodzi pansi pa olemba otsogolera, ndi mlingo umodzi pansi pa olemba omwe akuthandizira. Olemba ogwirizanitsa ali ndi udindo waukulu pamutu womwewo ndikuyamba kulemba ndondomeko yoyamba. Zolembazi zimaperekedwanso ndemanga ndi olemba ena onse. Olemba akuluakulu ayenera kuyankha ndemanga. Ndemanga zikuphatikizidwa. Kenako zolemba zina zimalembedwa ndipo gulu lonse la asayansi likuitanidwa kuti liperekenso ndemanga. Ndemanga zimayankhidwa ndikuphatikizidwanso, ndipo mu sitepe yotsatira ndondomeko yomweyi ikubwerezedwa. Ndipo pamapeto pake, ochita masewera akunja amabweretsedwa ndikufunsidwa kuti anene ngati ndemanga zonse zayankhidwa mokwanira. Awa ndi ofufuza ena.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti si olemba 80 okha omwe adakhudzidwa?

Ayi, panali obwereza 180. Koma ndi ndondomeko ya sayansi basi. Zotsutsana zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu lipotilo ziyenera kukhala zochokera m'mabuku. Ochita kafukufuku sangathe kulemba maganizo awo, kapena zomwe akuganiza kuti ndi zoona, koma kwenikweni amatha kupanga zotsutsana zomwe zingapezekenso m'mabuku, ndiyeno amayenera kuyesa mfundozi pogwiritsa ntchito zolembazo. Muyenera kunena kuti: Mkangano uwu umagawidwa ndi mabuku onse ndipo pali mabuku ambiri pa izo, kotero izo zimatengedwa mopepuka. Kapena amati: Pali buku limodzi lokha pa izi, umboni wochepa chabe, pali malingaliro otsutsana, ndiye kuti nawonso ayenera kutchulapo. Pachifukwa ichi, ndi chidule chowunika momwe kafukufukuyu alili pamtundu wa sayansi wa mawuwo.

Chilichonse chomwe chili mu lipotilo chimachokera ku gwero la mabuku, ndipo pambali iyi mawuwo ayenera kuwerengedwa ndi kumveka nthawi zonse ponena za mabuku. Tsopano tidatsimikiza kuti m'nkhaniyi Chidule cha opanga zisankho chiganizo chilichonse chimadziyimira chokha ndipo nthawi zonse chimamveka bwino kuti chiganizochi chikulozera pamutu uti, ndipo m'mutu womwewo ndizotheka kufufuza zolemba zomwe chiganizochi chikulozera.

Anthu okhudzidwa ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana adakhudzidwa

Mpaka pano ndangoyankhula za ndondomeko ya sayansi. Panali ndondomeko yotsatizana, yokwanira kwambiri ya okhudzidwa, ndipo monga gawo la izi panalinso msonkhano wapaintaneti ndi zokambirana ziwiri, iliyonse ndi 50 kwa 100 okhudzidwa.

anali ndani Kodi anachokera kuti?

Kuchokera ku bizinesi ndi ndale, kuchokera ku kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo cha nyengo, kuchokera ku kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu, mabungwe a anthu - kuchokera kwa anthu osiyanasiyana. Choncho monga momwe mungathere komanso nthawi zonse mogwirizana ndi madera omwe ali nawo.

Anthu awa, omwe sanali asayansi, adayenera kuchitapo kanthu tsopano?

Panali njira zosiyanasiyana. Chimodzi chinali choti mudapereka ndemanga pamitu yomwe ili pa intaneti. Iwo ankayenera kudutsamo. China chinali chakuti tinakonza zokambirana kuti tidziwe bwino zomwe okhudzidwawo akufunikira, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zili zothandiza kwa iwo, komanso mbali inayi ngati akadali ndi zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti ndi zotani zomwe tiyenera kuziganizirabe. Zotsatira za ndondomeko ya okhudzidwa zinaperekedwa mosiyana lipoti la okhudzidwa zosavuta.

Ntchito zambiri zodzifunira zosalipidwa zinalowa mu lipotilo

Kotero zonse muzochitika zovuta kwambiri.

Izi sizinthu zomwe mumangolemba mwachidule. Chidule ichi kwa ochita zisankho: tinagwirapo ntchito kwa miyezi isanu ... Ndemanga zabwino za 1000 mpaka 1500 zinaphatikizidwa, ndipo olemba 30 anawerengadi kangapo ndikuvotera mwatsatanetsatane. Ndipo izi sizichitika mopanda kanthu, koma zidachitikadi zosalipidwa, ziyenera kunenedwa. Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchitoyi zinali zogwirizanitsa, choncho ndinapatsidwa ndalama. Olembawo alandira kuvomereza kochepa komwe sikumawonetsa konse kuyesetsa kwawo. Owunikirawo sanalandire ndalama, ngakhalenso okhudzidwa nawo.

Maziko asayansi otsutsa

Kodi bungwe loona zanyengo lingagwiritse ntchito bwanji lipotili?

Ndikuganiza kuti lipotilo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mulimonsemo, ziyenera kubweretsedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri pamakangano a anthu, ndipo andale ayeneranso kudziwitsidwa zomwe zingatheke ndi zomwe zili zofunika. Pali zosankha zambiri zamapangidwe. Mfundo ina yofunika apa ndi yakuti lipotili likunena momveka bwino kuti ngati palibe kudzipereka kwakukulu kuchokera kwa onse ochita nawo, zolinga za nyengo zidzangophonya. Umu ndi momwe kafukufukuyu akuyendera, pali mgwirizano mu lipoti, ndipo uthengawu uyenera kupita kwa anthu. Gulu lachilungamo la nyengo lidzapeza mfundo zambiri za momwe moyo wokonda nyengo ungawonedwe mu nkhani ya kusalingana kwa ndalama ndi chuma. Komanso kufunika kwa gawo lapansi. Pali mikangano yambiri yomwe ingawongolere zopereka za kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo chanyengo ndikuziyika pamaziko abwino asayansi.

Palinso uthenga mu lipotilo womwe umati: "Kupyolera mu kudzudzula ndi kutsutsa, mabungwe a anthu abweretsa ndondomeko ya nyengo kwakanthawi pakati pa zokambirana zapagulu padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 2019 kupita patsogolo", kotero zikuwonekeratu kuti izi ndizofunikira. “Mchitidwe wogwirizana wa magulu a anthu monga mwachitsanzo. B. Fridays for Future, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kukambidwe ngati vuto la anthu. Chitukukochi chatsegula malo atsopano oyendetsera zinthu malinga ndi ndondomeko ya nyengo. Komabe, mayendedwe azachilengedwe atha kukulitsa kuthekera kwawo ngati athandizidwa ndi atsogoleri andale omwe ali ndi mphamvu mkati ndi kunja kwa boma akukhala pamipando yosankha, zomwe zitha kusintha.

Tsopano gululi likufunanso kusintha magawo opangira zisankho, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mukuti: chabwino, bungwe la nyengo ya nzika zonse zili bwino, koma zimafunikiranso luso, zimafunikiranso mphamvu zopangira zisankho. Chinachake chonga chimenecho chingakhale kusintha kwakukulu m'mabungwe athu a demokalase.

Inde, lipotilo silinena zochepa kapena silinena chilichonse chokhudza bungwe la zanyengo chifukwa linachitika nthawi imodzi, choncho palibe mabuku amene angatengedwe. Payokha ndikugwirizana nanu kumeneko, koma osati zochokera m'mabuku, koma kuchokera ku mbiri yanga.

Wokondedwa Ernest, zikomo kwambiri chifukwa cha zokambirana!

Lipotilo lisindikizidwa ngati buku lotseguka lopezeka ndi Springer Spektrum koyambirira kwa 2023. Mpaka pamenepo, mitu yotsatizana ili pa Tsamba lofikira la CCCA kupezeka.