Olemera ndi nyengo

Anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri pazachuma ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pakutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Mwachindunji kudzera mukugwiritsa ntchito kwawo komanso mwanjira ina kudzera mwa mwayi wawo wazachuma komanso wamagulu. Komabe, njira zotetezera nyengo sizongoyang'ana gulu la anthuwa ndipo kuthekera kwazinthu zotere sikunawunikidwe nkomwe. Njira zotetezera nyengo ziyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chochepetsa kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa anthu apamwamba. Mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi njira ziti zomwe zimakondedwa, kaya zokopa ndi zokopa kapena ndondomeko za ndale ndi zachuma, ntchito ya anthu apamwambawa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwakukulu komanso mphamvu zawo zandale ndi zachuma kulepheretsa kapena kulimbikitsa chilungamo cha nyengo ziyenera kuphatikizidwa. Asayansi asanu ochokera m'magawo a psychology, kafukufuku wokhazikika, kafukufuku wanyengo, sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kafukufuku wa zachilengedwe posachedwapa asindikiza nkhani m'magazini ya chilengedwe mphamvu (1). Kodi “mkhalidwe wapamwamba pazachuma” umatanthauzidwa bwanji? Makamaka kudzera mu ndalama ndi chuma. Ndalama ndi chuma makamaka zimadalira udindo ndi chikoka pakati pa anthu, ndipo zimakhudza mwachindunji luso la kudya. Koma anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri pazachuma amakhalanso ndi chikoka pa utsi wa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kudzera mu maudindo awo monga osunga ndalama, monga nzika, monga mamembala a mabungwe ndi mabungwe komanso monga zitsanzo za chikhalidwe.

Utsi wambiri umabwera chifukwa cha anthu osankhika

1 peresenti yolemera kwambiri imayambitsa 15 peresenti ya mpweya wokhudzana ndi kudya. Koma anthu 50 pa 7 alionse osauka kwambiri amabweretsa theka, 50 peresenti. Olemera kwambiri omwe ali ndi katundu wopitilira $ 2 miliyoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndege zapayekha kuyenda pakati pa nyumba zingapo padziko lonse lapansi amakhala ndi mpweya wochuluka kwambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, anthuwa sadzakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za kusintha kwa nyengo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsanso kuti kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu m'dziko nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha komanso kusakhazikika pang'ono. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha mbali imodzi ya kudya kwa anthuwa omwe ali ndi udindo wapamwamba komanso kumbali ina chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo pa ndale. Mitundu itatu ya mowa ndi yomwe imayambitsa mpweya wambiri wowonjezera kutentha kwa anthu olemera komanso olemera kwambiri: kuyenda pandege, magalimoto ndi malo.

Ndege

 Mwa mitundu yonse ya madyedwe, ndege ndi imene imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Ndalama zikakwera, m'pamenenso mpweya wotuluka m'ndege umakwera. Ndipo mosemphanitsa: Theka lazinthu zonse zomwe zimatuluka padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera paulendo wa pandege zimayamba chifukwa cholemera kwambiri (onaninso positi iyi). Ndipo ngati anthu olemera kwambiri ku Ulaya akanasiyiratu kuyenda pandege, anthu amenewa akanapulumutsa 40 peresenti ya mpweya umene amatulutsa. Maulendo apamlengalenga padziko lonse lapansi amatulutsa CO2 yambiri mumlengalenga kuposa Germany yonse. Anthu olemera komanso otchuka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi moyo wa hypermobile komanso kuyenda pandege mwachinsinsi komanso mwaukadaulo. Mwa zina chifukwa ndalama zomwe amapeza zimawalola, mwina chifukwa chakuti maulendo apandege amalipidwa ndi kampani, kapena mwina chifukwa gulu la bizinesi yowuluka ndi gawo lawo. Olembawo amalemba kuti kafukufuku wochepa wachitika momwe "pulasitiki", ndiko kuti, momwe khalidwe losamukali limakhudzidwira, lafufuzidwa. Kwa olemba, kusintha miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu mozungulira hypermobility iyi kumawoneka ngati njira yochepetsera kuchepetsa mpweya wochokera kuderali. Oyenda pandege pafupipafupi amakhala ndi mwayi wochepetsa kuchuluka kwa maulendo awo a pandege kusiyana ndi anthu omwe angasungitse ulendo wa pandege kamodzi pachaka kuti akacheze ndi mabanja awo.

Galimoto

 Magalimoto, mwachitsanzo, magalimoto, ndi omwe amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri la mpweya uliwonse ku USA komanso wachiwiri ku Europe. Pazinthu zazikulu zotulutsa mpweya wa CO2 (kachiwirinso 2 peresenti), CO19 yochokera m'magalimoto imapanga gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a utsi wawo. Kusintha kupita ku zoyendera za anthu onse, kuyenda ndi kupalasa njinga kuli ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kochepetsera utsi wokhudzana ndi magalimoto. Zotsatira za kusintha kwa magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi batire zimawunikidwa mosiyana, koma mulimonsemo zidzawonjezeka pamene magetsi apangidwa ndi decarbonised. Anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri angapangitse kusinthaku kukuyenda kwa e-mobility chifukwa ndi omwe amagula kwambiri magalimoto atsopano. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ma e-magalimoto amafikanso kumsika wamagalimoto ogwiritsidwa ntchito. Koma pofuna kuchepetsa kutentha kwa dziko, umwini ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto ziyeneranso kuletsedwa. Olembawo akugogomezera kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumeneku kumadalira kwambiri zowonongeka zomwe zilipo, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa malo omwe amaperekedwa kwa oyenda pansi ndi okwera njinga. Ndalama zikakwera, m'pamenenso anthu amakhala ndi galimoto yolemera kwambiri yotulutsa mpweya wambiri. Komanso amene amayesetsa kukhala ndi udindo pagulu akhoza kuyesetsa kukhala ndi galimoto yoteroyo. Malinga ndi olembawo, anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba angathandize kukhazikitsa zizindikiro zatsopano, mwachitsanzo kukhala m'malo okonda oyenda pansi. Pa mliri wapano wa Covid-XNUMX, kutulutsa mpweya kwachepa kwakanthawi. Kwa mbali zambiri, kuchepa kumeneku kudachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magalimoto pamsewu, makamaka chifukwa anthu ambiri amagwira ntchito kunyumba. Ndipo ntchito zomwe zingatheke ndizomwe zimakhala ndi ndalama zambiri.

The villa

Gawo limodzi lodziwika bwino limayang'aniranso gawo lalikulu la mpweya wochokera ku nyumba zogona, zomwe ndi 11 peresenti. Anthuwa ali ndi nyumba zazikulu kapena zipinda, amakhala ndi nyumba zingapo ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapakhomo zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, monga zoziziritsira mpweya wapakati. Kumbali ina, anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri amakhala ndi mwayi wochepetsera mpweya wawo kudzera muzitsulo zokhala ndi ndalama zambiri zoyamba, mwachitsanzo, kusintha makina otenthetsera kapena kuika magetsi a dzuwa. Kusintha kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kumakhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu m'derali, kutsatiridwa ndi kukonzanso kwakukulu kuti kukhale kogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi komanso kutembenuzira ku zida zapanyumba zopulumutsa mphamvu. Njira zogwirizanirana bwino ndi anthu zitha kupangitsanso kuti izi zitheke kwa mabanja omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa. Pakadali pano, olembawo akuti, maphunziro okhudza kusintha kwamakhalidwe mwatsoka amayang'ana kwambiri pamakhalidwe omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zoteteza nyengo. (Makamaka pa kusintha kwa khalidwe komwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwachangu kapena pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, monga kutembenuza thermostat ya kutentha [2].) Zomwe zilipo pazochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pazochitika za kusintha kwa khalidwe ndizosiyana. Anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri komanso maphunziro apamwamba atha kukhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuti azigwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu zamagetsi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito umisiri wabwino, koma sangawononge mphamvu. Komabe, monga ndidanenera, anthu omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri amakhala ndi zabwinoko zosankhakuchepetsa utsi wawo. Zomwe zachitika pakadali pano zikuwonetsa kuti misonkho ya CO2 sinakhudze ngakhale pang'ono pakugwiritsa ntchito mabanja opeza ndalama zambiri chifukwa ndalama zowonjezerazi ndizochepa mu bajeti yawo. Kumbali ina, mabanja omwe amapeza ndalama zochepa amakhala olemedwa kwambiri ndi misonkho yotere [3]. Njira zandale zomwe, mwachitsanzo, zimathandizira kuchepetsa ndalama zogulira zitha kukhala zachuma. Malo okhala nyumba zapamwamba amatha kuonjezera kapena kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Kukhala m'katikati mwa mzinda wamtengo wapatali, wokhala ndi anthu ambiri, kumene nyumba zogonamo zimakhalanso zazing'ono, ndizotsika mtengo kusiyana ndi kukhala kunja kwa mzinda, kumene nyumba zogona zimakhala zazikulu komanso kumene maulendo ambiri amayenda ndi galimoto. Olembawo akugogomezera kuti khalidwe la ogula silimangotsimikiziridwa ndi zisankho zomveka, komanso ndi zizolowezi, chikhalidwe cha anthu, zochitika ndi zokonda. Mitengo ikhoza kukhala njira yokhudzira khalidwe la ogula, koma njira zosinthira chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena kusiya zizoloŵezi zingakhalenso zothandiza kwambiri.

Mbiri

 Gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi aliwonse, ndithudi, limaika ndalama zambiri m'masheya, ma bond, makampani, ndi malo. Ngati anthuwa asintha ndalama zawo kumakampani omwe ali ndi mpweya wochepa, atha kuyendetsa kusintha kwadongosolo. Komano, ndalama zogulira mafuta oyaka mafuta zimachedwetsa kuchepetsa utsi. Gulu lochotsa ndalama kumafakitale opangira mafuta oyaka mafuta nthawi zambiri lachokera ku mayunivesite apamwamba, mipingo ndi ndalama zapenshoni. Anthu omwe ali ndi udindo waukulu pazachuma amatha kulimbikitsa mabungwe oterowo kuti atenge kapena kulepheretsa zoyesayesazi, chifukwa mwina amakhala ndi maudindo m'mabungwe owongolera, komanso kudzera m'mayanjano awo osakhazikika. Monga zizindikiro za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, olembawo akuwona kuchuluka kwa ndalama zogulitsira "zobiriwira" ndi malamulo atsopano a EU omwe amakakamiza oyang'anira ndalama kuti awulule momwe amaganizira zokhazikika pa ntchito yawo yolangiza kwa osunga ndalama. Ndalama zomwe zimayang'ana m'mafakitale otsika mtengo zimathandiziranso kusintha kwamakhalidwe chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo kwa osunga ndalama kuti adziwe za zotsatira zandalama zosiyanasiyana. Olembawo amakhulupirira kuti kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa ndalama zoyendetsera nyengo kuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri magulu omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri, chifukwa amalamulira gawo lalikulu la msika ndipo mpaka pano akhala akukayikira kusintha khalidwe lawo kapena, nthawi zina, kusintha. ayimitsa mwachangu.

Anthu otchuka

 Mpaka pano, anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri pazachuma awonjezera mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Koma angathandizenso kuteteza nyengo, chifukwa ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu monga zitsanzo. Malingaliro a chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha zomwe zimapangitsa moyo wabwino amachokera pa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, olembawo amatchula kuti kutchuka kwa magalimoto osakanizidwa ndipo kenako magalimoto amagetsi amphamvu kunayendetsedwa ndi anthu otchuka omwe adagula magalimoto oterowo. Veganism yapezanso kutchuka chifukwa cha anthu otchuka. Zikondwerero zamtundu wa Golden Globe za 2020 zikadathandizira kwambiri pa izi. Koma ndithudi anthu omwe ali ndi udindo wapamwamba angathandizenso kuphatikizika kwa makhalidwe omwe alipo kale posonyeza kuti amamwa mopitirira muyeso ndipo motero amalimbitsa ntchito yakumwa monga chizindikiro cha udindo. Kupyolera mu chithandizo chawo chandalama ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale, oganiza bwino kapena mabungwe ofufuza, anthu omwe ali ndi udindo wapamwamba akhoza kukhudza bwino kapena molakwika nkhani yokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, komanso kudzera mu kugwirizana kwawo ndi mabungwe otchuka monga mayunivesite apamwamba. Popeza pali opambana ndi otayika mu njira zotetezera nyengo, malinga ndi olembawo, anthu apamwamba angagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zawo kuti apange zoyesayesa zoterozo kuti apindule.

Ma CEO

 Chifukwa cha ntchito yawo, anthu omwe ali ndi udindo wapamwamba pazachuma amakhala ndi chikoka champhamvu kwambiri pakutulutsa kwamakampani ndi mabungwe, mbali imodzi mwachindunji monga eni ake, mamembala a board oyang'anira, mamenejala kapena alangizi, Komano mosadziwika bwino pochepetsa. utsi wa ogulitsa awo, Kukopa makasitomala ndi mpikisano. M'zaka zaposachedwa, mabungwe ambiri azinsinsi akhazikitsa zolinga zanyengo kapena ayesetsa kuti achepetse mayendedwe awo. M'mayiko ena, zoyesayesa zapadera zamakampani ndi mabungwe zapita patsogolo kwambiri pankhani yoteteza nyengo kuposa mayiko. Makampani amapanganso ndikutsatsa malonda ogwirizana ndi nyengo. Mamembala a Elite amachitanso ngati othandizira nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, C40 Cities network network idathandizidwa ndi chuma cha meya wakale wa New York [4]. Ntchito yopereka chithandizo pachitetezo chanyengo, komabe, ndi yotsutsana. Pakadalibe kafukufuku wochepa kwambiri wokhudza momwe anthu omwe ali ndi udindo wapamwamba pazachuma amagwiritsira ntchito mipata yawo kuti asinthe, komanso momwe zoyeserera zomwe zimayang'ana gululi mwachindunji zingawonjezere kuthekera kwawo kwakusintha. Popeza ambiri mwa anthu osankhika amapeza ndalama zawo kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira ndalama, atha kukhalanso magwero otsutsa kukonzanso ngati akuwona phindu lawo kapena momwe ali pachiwopsezo chifukwa chakusintha kotere.

Malo olandirira alendo

Anthu amasonkhezera kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha m’boma kudzera m’zisankho, kukopa anthu komanso kutenga nawo mbali m’magulu a anthu. Maukonde osati apamwamba kwambiri, koma apamwamba Chakhumi pa zana ndiye maziko amphamvu zandale ndi zachuma, padziko lonse lapansi komanso m'maiko ambiri. Anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri pazachuma amakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pazantchito zawo monga nzika. Mudzakhala ndi mwayi wopeza ochita zisankho m'makampani azinsinsi komanso m'magulu aboma. Ndalama zawo zandalama zimawathandiza kukulitsa chikoka chawo pamaguluwa kudzera mu zopereka zokopa magulu, ndale ndi magulu a anthu komanso kulimbikitsa kapena kuletsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Ndondomeko ya mphamvu ya mayiko imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kukopa anthu. Chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri cha anthu otchuka chimakhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu pa zosankha. Zochita zandale za anthu osankhika mpaka pano zakhala chopinga champhamvu pakuchitapo kanthu kuti mukhale ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. M'gawo lazamagetsi, kukopa kwa ndale komanso kukopa maganizo kwa anthu kwachokera ku gulu la mafuta opangira mafuta, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mfundo zomwe zimalimbikitsa kupanga ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, mabiliyoni awiri amafuta [5] adakhudza kwambiri nkhani zandale ku US kwazaka zambiri ndikukankhira kumanja, zomwe zakomera kukwera kwa ndale omwe amalimbikitsa misonkho yotsika, kutsutsa chitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso kuteteza nyengo, ndi nthawi zambiri amakayikira maboma a boma Kukopa ndi. Makampani opanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso ndi ena omwe angapindule ndi tsogolo lowonongeka amatha kutsutsana ndi izi, koma zotsatira zake zakhala zochepa.

Zomwe zikufunikabe kufufuzidwa

M'mawu awo, olembawo amatchula mipata itatu yofufuza: Choyamba, kodi khalidwe la anthu osankhika lingakhudzidwe bwanji, makamaka paulendo wa pandege, magalimoto ndi nyumba? Mfundo yakuti kuipa kwa ndege kulibe mtengo ndikuthandizira mwachindunji kwa olemera kwambiri, chifukwa iwo ali ndi udindo wa 50 peresenti ya mpweya wotuluka mu ndege. Msonkho wokhazikika wa CO2 ukhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pazakudya za olemera. Misonkho yowuluka pafupipafupi, yomwe imakwera ndi kuchuluka kwa maulendo apandege, ikhoza kukhala yothandiza kwambiri. Kutsika kwa msonkho kwa ndalama zambiri ndi chuma chambiri zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino panyengo. Izi zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kutchuka. Kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe kukanasungidwa: olemera kwambiri akanakhalabe olemera kwambiri, koma sakanakhalanso olemera kwambiri kuposa osauka kwambiri. Izi zichepetsa kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu komanso kuchepetsa kukopa kwakukulu kwa anthu apamwamba pa ndale. Koma zotheka izi zikufunikabe kufufuzidwa bwino kwambiri, malinga ndi olemba. Kusiyana kwachiwiri pakufufuza kumakhudza ntchito ya anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri pazachuma m'makampani. Kodi anthu otere amatha bwanji kusintha chikhalidwe chamakampani ndi zisankho zamakampani potengera kutulutsa kochepa, ndipo malire awo ndi otani? Olembawo amazindikira kusiyana kwachitatu kofufuza, momwe mtundu wa chikoka choperekedwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba pazachuma umakhudza ndale, mwachitsanzo, kupyolera mu likulu lawo la ndale, chikoka chawo pamakampani ndi mabungwe, komanso kudzera mu thandizo la ndalama zokopa anthu ndi ndale. Olemekezekawa apindula kwambiri ndi ndale zamakono ndi zachuma, ndipo pali umboni wina wosonyeza kuti kukonda chuma kumachepa ndi chuma chambiri. Ndiko kumvetsetsa momwe anthu osankhika osiyanasiyana amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo kulimbikitsa kapena kulepheretsa kutulutsa mpweya mwachangu. Pomaliza, olembawo akugogomezera kuti anthu apamwamba omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi omwe amachititsa kusintha kwa nyengo ndi kuwonongeka komwe kumayambitsa. Koma mphamvu zomwe ali nazo zikanawathandizanso kuyesetsa kuchepetsa mpweya wotenthetsa mpweya komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa nyengo. Olembawo sakufuna kukayikira udindo wa anthu omwe si apamwamba polimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, komanso amatsindika udindo wa anthu amtundu wamba komanso anthu ammudzi. Koma mu kafukufukuyu amayang’ana kwambiri amene anayambitsa mavuto ambiri. Palibe njira imodzi yokha yomwe ingathetse vutoli, ndipo zochita za anthu apamwamba zingakhale ndi zotsatira zabwino. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wa momwe khalidwe la anthu osankhika lingasinthidwe ndilofunika kwambiri.

Magwero, zolemba

1 Nielsen, Kristian S.; Nicholas, Kimberly A.; Creutzig, Felike; Dietz, Thomas; Stern, Paul C. (2021): Ntchito ya anthu omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chambiri pazachuma potseka kapena kuchepetsa msanga mpweya wotenthetsera mpweya womwe umayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu. Mu: Nat Energy 6 (11), masamba 1011-1016. DOI: 10.1038 / s41560-021-00900-y   2 Nielsen KS, Clayton S, Stern PC, Dietz T, Capstick S, Whitmarsh L (2021): Momwe psychology ingathandizire kuchepetsa kusintha kwa nyengo. Ndine Psychol. 2021 Jan; 76 [1]: 130-144. doi: 10.1037 / amp0000624   3 Olembawo amatchula apa misonkho yotsatizana popanda kutsagana ndi njira zolipirira monga bonasi yanyengo. 4 Michael Bloomberg amatanthawuza, cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group 5 Amatanthauza abale a Koch, cf. Skocpol, T., & Hertel-Fernandez, A. (2016). The Koch Network ndi Republican Party Extremism. Malingaliro pa Ndale, 14 (3), 681-699. doi: 10.1017 / S1537592716001122