Ngongole yapadziko lonse lapansi: mwini dziko ndi ndani?

ECB ikusefukira m'misika ndi ndalama zatsopano. Tsoka ilo, ndalamazo sizimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kugulitsa. Zimayenda kudutsa chuma chenicheni ndipo zimamalizidwa m'misika yamasitolo, kugulitsa nyumba ndi maboma.

Padziko lonse lapansi, makampani, mayiko ndi mabanja ali ndi ngongole zomwe sangabweze kubweza. Milandu yapadziko lonse lapansi yamakampani ndi makampani tsopano ndiwokwera kwambiri (poyerekeza ndi GDP yanyumba yonse kuwonjezeka kawiri) monga momwe zinaliri ndi mavuto azachuma mu 2008. Zotsatira zotsika mtengo mwanjira yamalipiro amsonkho, mapulogalamu olimbikitsira zachuma komanso phukusi lanyumba zopulumutsa zimawonedwa bwino. Ndiamayiko olemera kwambiri omwe ali ndi mapiri ataliatali ngongole. The International Monetary Fund IMF malinga ndi US, China ndi Japan ndi amodzi mwa mayiko omwe ali ndi ngongole zambiri ndipo okha ndi omwe amapitilira theka la ngongole zapadziko lonse lapansi. Koma maiko omwe akutulukawo apezanso moyo pampu.

Kodi sizili nkhawa kwambiri?

Pulofesa Dorothea Schäfer, Wowongolera Kafukufuku waofesi ya Zamalonda azachuma ku German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) ku Berlin amamasuka kwambiri za momwe zinthu ziliri. Malinga ndi iye, ngongole za anthu onse sizoyambitsa nkhawa, koma china chake "ndichilengedwe" machitidwe azachuma. Kwa Schäfer, mapiri okhala ndi ngongole makamaka ndi mavuto azachuma komanso chizindikiro choti mabanki apakati akusefukira m'misika ndi ndalama. Malinga ndi iye, izi zimangokhala zoopsa ngati, mwachitsanzo, vuto lazogulitsa malo likukumana ndi ntchito zambiri.
Richard Grgicon, wachuma pa Vienna Institute for International Economic poyerekeza (wiiw), akuganiza kuti anthu - makamaka m'maiko olankhula Chijeremani - amadandaula kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa ngongole. "Ngakhale ngongole ikakhala vuto zimatengera zinthu zina, monga kukula kwachuma chokha, chiwongola dzanja chokwanira, kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena kuchuluka kwa zida za ngongole," atero a Grgicon.

Ngongole Yapadziko Lonse - Palibe Chifukwa Chosungira?

M'malo mwake, zikuwoneka kuti panali kulinganizananso pakati pa akatswiri azachuma pazaka khumi zapitazi ponena za ngongole zokhazikika. Pomwe panali chitsimikizo kuti ngongole zaboma zochulukitsa zingawononge kukula kwachuma, masiku ano mfundo zoyendetsera mabungwewa zikuwoneka kuti zikuwononga ndalama komanso kukula. Olivier Blanchard, Purezidenti wakale wa Mgwirizano Wachuma ku AmericaPomwe adalengeza kumayambiriro kwa chaka m'mawu ake omaliza: "Malingana ngati chiwongola dzanja chenicheni pa ngongole ndizotsika poyerekeza kukula, palibe chifukwa chobweza. Chifukwa ngongole imasungunuka ngati chipale chofewa pakuwala komanso kutentha ”.

International Monetary Fund inanenanso mu lipoti lake laposachedwa kuti kayendetsedwe kazachuma padziko lonse lapansi mosakayikira kakhala kotetezeka kuyambira pamavuto azachuma komanso azachuma. Amanenanso kuti mabanki padziko lonse lapansi amakakamizidwa ndi malamulo kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwawo komanso malo osungirako ndalama, kusintha magwiridwe awo oopsa ndipo amayang'aniridwa ndi malamulo atsopano, oyang'anira ndi kupanikizika.
Zakuti maboma amataya mfundo zawo zachuma komanso mabanki apakati poyesa kukonzanso chuma chifukwa choti ali ndi ngongole zambiri sikuwoneka kuti akuchita mbali yayikulu.

Ngongole Yapadziko Lonse - Ndani ali ndi United States?

Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti kumbuyo kwachuma chilichonse palinso ndalama, ndipo moyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kuwononga ndalama. Koma sizovuta kudziwa kuti ndani angasangalale nayo. Kumbali imodzi, palibe mndandanda wa omwe angakhale ndi masheya kuboma, ndipo kumbali ina, mayiko nthawi zambiri amatenga ngongole "kwa masauzande ambiri a ogulitsa nthawi yomweyo, omwe amapitiliza malonda nawo. Kwa Eurozone, komabe, imasonkhana European Central Bank (ECB) chidziwitso cholimbikira kuti mudziwe zambiri zamomwe mungagawireko m'maiko a 19 euro.
Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuwona kuti maiko a euro ndi 'a ndani': magawo awiri mwa magawo asanu kumabanki ndipo pafupifupi wachisanu aliyense amapita kumayiko akunja ndi makampani a inshuwaransi. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, magawo awiri mwa atatu a dziko la Austra 'ndi' amayiko akunja ndipo gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi kumabanki.
Pulofesa Schäfer amawona nyumba yachumayi ngati yolimba, chifukwa mabanki ndi makampani a inshuwaransi ndi gulu lodalirika la okhazikitsa ndalama kuboma. Nawonso mabanki amafunikira mwayi wokhala ndi ndalama zambiri ndi chiwongola dzanja chokhazikika. "Zomwe zikutidetsa nkhawa ife akatswiri azachuma kwambiri ndichakuti mabanki akuwonjezeranso ndalama zochuluka kuchokera kumayiko awo," adatero Schäfer.
Zowonadi, zomangira za boma zasangalala kwambiri kuyambira pachiwopsezo chotsatira padziko lonse ndi ku Europe. Izi sizongobwera chifukwa ndi malo otetezeka kwa okhazikitsa ndalama, koma koposa zonse chifukwa mabanki sayenera kukhazikitsa ndalama iliyonse pazomwezi.
Amakhala otchuka kwambiri ndi European Central Bank, yomwe yakhala ikugula mabungwe kuchokera kumaiko a eurozone pamlingo waukulu kuyambira 2015. Mavoliyumu anali osiyanasiyana pakati pa 15 ndi 60 biliyoni mayuro - pamwezi, musayiwale. "ECB yayesa kukulitsa ntchito yakugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukwera kwa mitengo m'zaka zaposachedwa, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Komabe, zomwe wakwanitsa kuchita ndikuonetsetsa kuti khola likuyenda bwino, "atero Richard Grgicon.

Kodi ndalama zatsopano zili kuti?

Kuphatikiza ndi ndondomeko yake ya chiwongola dzanja cha zero, ECB ikudzaza misika ndi ndalama zatsopano. Koma ndalama zake zili kuti? Ogwira ntchito komanso omwe sakhala olemera amadziona zochepa. Ayi, gawo lalikulu la nzika za EU lili pachiwopsezo cha umphawi ndipo likuvutika ndi kusowa kwa nyumba (17 peresenti). Ngakhale anthu ophunzira komanso mabanja ophunzira kwambiri zimawavuta kupeza nyumba zotsika mtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonda kwambiri mayiko, kudana ndi anthu komanso EU kumapereka chidziwitso pakuwoneka bwino komanso chidaliro cha anthu aku Europe.
Tsoka ilo, ndalamazo sizimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kugulitsa. Zimayenda kudutsa chuma chenicheni ndipo zimathera m'misika yamtoko, kugulitsa katundu ndi zomangira za boma m'malo mwake. Ngakhale dongosololi lingagwire ntchito mwachuma, limapangitsabe kusagwirizana koopsa, ndi zotsatirapo zake zonse pazikhalidwe ndi ndale.

Ngongole Yapadziko Lonse: vs. Chuma champhamvu

Stefan Schulmeister ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri azachuma omwe amalimbana ndi yankho lolondola: Kodi ndalama zingasinthidwe bwanji kuchokera kumisika yazachuma kupita ku chuma chenicheni? Amapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamakonzedwe awosewera pamadongosolo athu azachuma: capitalism yeniyeni, yomwe imatsogolera ndalama kukhala zopindulitsa, zopanga phindu ndipo potero imapanga ntchito ndi chitukuko pamlingo waukulu, ndi capitalism yachuma, yomwe imangokhala katundu kusiyanitsa mitengo yamalipiro, mitengo yosinthanitsa, katundu ndi Mitengo yazogulitsa nyumba imapangidwa ndikuchulukitsidwa ndi "ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito pazinthu zomwe zilipo". Zotsirizirazi zikuyendetsa ntchito zachuma padziko lonse lapansi, potero zimachepetsa ntchito ndikupanga ntchito, ngongole za anthu ndi kusalingana.
Malinga ndi Schulmeister, chifukwa chachikulu ndikuti ndalama zomwe zimabwezedwa pamisika yazachuma ndizokwera kuposa zomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuchokera ku bizinesi yakale. Mwanjira ina, olemera amakhalanso olemera mwachangu kudzera m'mabodza azachuma kuposa bizinesi yamakolo.

Chida chachikulu chothanirana ndi chitukuko ichi ndi kukhazikitsa msonkho wa ndalama, womwe umawongolera kufunafuna phindu kuchokera pakubweza kwakanthawi kochepa mpaka pazinthu zazitali pamisika yazogulitsa. Schulmeister akuvomerezanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ndalama ya European ndalama zothandizira mayiko. Zomangira zake siziyenera kugulitsidwa ndipo zimapatsa akatswiri azachuma mwayi wonena zakusintha kwa chiwongola dzanja pakati pa ndalama kapena kufalikira kwa mayiko ena. Kwa ogwira nawo ntchito, malingaliro ndi kubwezeretsanso kuchokera ku 'neoliberal' soko bolumeli 'kubwerera ku maphunziro ndi kutenga nawo gawo pazinthu zakuthupi zenizeni za anthu.

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