Ndi nkhuni kusalowerera ndale? Mafunso ndi Johannes Tintner-Olifiers

Zitsulo ndi simenti ndizowononga kwambiri nyengo. Makampani achitsulo ndi zitsulo amayang'anira pafupifupi 11 peresenti ya mpweya wa CO2 padziko lonse lapansi, komanso makampani a simenti pafupifupi 8 peresenti. Lingaliro lakusintha konkriti yokhazikika pomanga ndi zomangira zokomera nyengo ndizodziwikiratu. Ndiye tiyenera kumanga ndi matabwa? Kodi tatopa ndi izi? Kodi nkhuni zilidi CO2? Kapena kodi tingasunge ngakhale mpweya umene nkhalango imatulutsa mumlengalenga mu nyumba zamatabwa? Kodi limenelo lingakhale njira yothetsera mavuto athu onse? Kapena kodi pali malire ngati njira zambiri zaukadaulo?

Martin Auer wochokera ku SCIENTISTS FOR FUTURE adakambirana izi ndi Dr Johannes Tintner-Olifiers yosungidwa ndi Institute for Physics and Materials Science pa University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences ku Vienna.

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: N’zoonekeratu kuti tiyenera kudzikonza tokha pankhani ya zinthu zomangira. Zotulutsa zomwe makampani a simenti ndi mafakitale azitsulo akupanga pano ali pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri - ndikulemekeza zonse zomwe makampani a simenti akutenga kuti achepetse mpweya wa CO2. Kafukufuku wambiri akuchitidwa pa momwe angapangire simenti mosagwirizana ndi nyengo komanso momwe mungasinthire simenti yomangira ndi zomangira zina. Ntchito ikuchitikanso yolekanitsa ndi kumanga CO2 mu chumney popanga simenti. Mutha kuchita ndi mphamvu zokwanira. Mwachilengedwe, kutembenuza CO2 iyi kukhala pulasitiki yokhala ndi haidrojeni imagwira ntchito. Funso ndilakuti: mutani nazo ndiye?

Simenti yomangayo idzakhala yofunikabe mtsogolo, koma idzakhala chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri chifukwa imawononga mphamvu zambiri - ngakhale itakhala mphamvu zowonjezera. Kuchokera pamalingaliro achuma, sitingafune kukwanitsa. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito pazitsulo. Palibe mphero yayikulu yachitsulo yomwe ikugwira ntchito pamagetsi ongowonjezedwanso, ndipo sitikufunanso kukwanitsa.

Timafunikira zida zomangira zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zochepa. Palibe zambiri, koma ngati tiyang'ana mmbuyo pa mbiri yakale, mndandandawu umadziwika bwino: nyumba yadongo, nyumba yamatabwa, miyala. Izi ndi zida zomangira zomwe zimatha kukumbidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu zochepa. M'malo mwake, ndizotheka, koma makampani amitengo pakadali pano sali m'gulu la CO2. Kukolola nkhuni, kukonza matabwa, mafakitale amatabwa amagwira ntchito ndi mphamvu zamafuta. Makampani ocheka macheka akadali njira yabwino kwambiri yolumikizirana ndi unyolo, chifukwa makampani ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi awo ophatikiza kutentha ndi magetsi okhala ndi utuchi ndi khungwa lambiri lomwe amapanga. Mitundu yonse yazinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matabwa, mwachitsanzo, gluing, . Pali kafukufuku wambiri yemwe akuchitika, koma ndi momwe zilili pakadali pano.

Ngakhale izi, mawonekedwe a kaboni amitengo ndiabwino kwambiri kuposa konkriti yolimba. Ma ng'anjo ozungulira opangira simenti nthawi zina amawotcha mafuta olemera. Makampani a simenti amayambitsa 2 peresenti ya mpweya wa CO8 padziko lonse lapansi. Koma mafuta ndi mbali imodzi yokha. Mbali yachiwiri ndi zochita za mankhwala. Limestone ndi gawo la calcium, carbon ndi oxygen. Mukasandulika ku clinker ya simenti pa kutentha kwakukulu (pafupifupi 2 ° C), mpweya umatulutsidwa ngati CO1.450.

MARTIN AUER: Zambiri zikuganiziridwa za momwe mungatulutsire mpweya mumlengalenga ndikuusunga pakapita nthawi. Kodi matabwa ngati zomangira angakhale sitolo yoteroyo?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Kwenikweni, mawerengedwe ake ndi olondola: Ngati mutenga nkhuni m’nkhalango, samalira bwino derali, nkhalango imameranso kumeneko, ndipo nkhunizo sizimawotchedwa koma zimakonzedwa m’nyumba, ndiye kuti nkhunizo zimasungidwa mmenemo. CO2 osati mumlengalenga. Mpaka pano, kulondola. Tikudziwa kuti nyumba zamatabwa zimatha kukalamba kwambiri. Ku Japan kuli matabwa odziwika kwambiri omwe ali ndi zaka zopitilira 1000. Tingaphunzire zochuluka kwambiri kuchokera ku mbiri yakale ya chilengedwe.

Kumanzere: Horyū-ji, “Kachisi Wophunzitsa Buddhaku Ikaruga, Japan. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa dendrochronological, matabwa apakati adadulidwa mu 594.
Photo: 663 phiri kudzera pa Wikimedia
Kumanja: Mpingo wa Stave ku Urnes, Norway, womangidwa m’zaka za m’ma 12 ndi 13.
Photo: Michael L. Rieser kudzera pa Wikimedia

Anthu ankagwiritsa ntchito nkhuni mwanzeru kwambiri kuposa masiku ano. Chitsanzo: Malo amphamvu kwambiri pamtengo ndi kulumikizana kwa nthambi. Iyenera kukhala yokhazikika makamaka kuti nthambi isaduke. Koma sitigwiritsa ntchito izo lero. Timabweretsa nkhuni ku fakitale ndi macheka a nthambi. Pomanga zombo m'zaka zoyambirira zamakono, kufufuza kwapadera kunapangidwa kwa mitengo yokhala ndi kupindika koyenera. Kale ndinali ndi pulojekiti yokhudzana ndi kupanga utomoni wamtundu wakuda paini, "Pechen". Zinali zovuta kupeza wosula zitsulo amene akanatha kupanga chida chofunika - nkhwangwa. Ng'ombeyo anadzipangira yekha chogwiriracho n'kuyang'ana chitsamba choyenera. Kenako anali ndi chida ichi kwa moyo wake wonse. Macheka amadula mitundu inayi kapena isanu yamitengo, ina imapezeka mwa mtundu umodzi wokha, makamaka larch kapena spruce. Kuti agwiritse ntchito nkhuni bwino komanso mwanzeru, makampani amatabwa amayenera kukhala aluso kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito za anthu ndi luso la anthu ndi kupanga zinthu zochepa zopangidwa mochuluka. Zoonadi, kupanga chogwirira cha nkhwangwa ngati chinthu chimodzi chokha kungakhale kovuta. Koma mwaukadaulo, mankhwalawa ndi apamwamba.

Kumanzere: Kumanganso pulawo ya Neolithic yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mafoloko achilengedwe a nkhuni.
Photo: Wolfgang Clean kudzera pa Wikimedia
Kumanja: adze
Photo: Razbak kudzera pa Wikimedia

MARTIN AUER: Ndiye nkhuni sizokhazikika monga momwe munthu angaganizire?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Bungwe la EU Commission posachedwapa laika makampani amitengo ambiri komanso okhazikika. Izi zayambitsa kutsutsidwa kwakukulu, chifukwa kugwiritsira ntchito nkhuni kumakhala kokhazikika ngati sikuchepetsa nkhalango yonse. Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhalango ku Austria pakadali pano ndikokhazikika, koma izi ndichifukwa choti sitifunikira izi bola titagwira ntchito ndi zinthu zakale. Timadulanso mitengo ina kunja kwa nkhalango chifukwa timagula chakudya kuchokera kunja ndi nyama zomwe nkhalango zimadulidwako kwina. Timatumizanso makala amoto kuchokera ku Brazil kapena Namibia.

MARTIN AUER: Kodi tingakhale ndi nkhuni zokwanira zosinthira ntchito yomanga?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Nthawi zambiri, ntchito yathu yomanga ndi yotukuka kwambiri. Timamanga mochulukira ndikubwezeretsanso pang'ono. Zambiri mwa nyumbazi sizinapangidwe kuti zigwiritsidwenso ntchito. Ngati tikanafuna kusintha zitsulo ndi konkire zomwe zaikidwa pakali pano ndi matabwa, sitikanakhala nazo zokwanira. Vuto lalikulu ndi loti nyumba masiku ano zimakhala ndi moyo waufupi. Nyumba zambiri zolimbitsidwa za konkriti zimagwetsedwa pakatha zaka 30 mpaka 40. Uku ndikuwononga chuma chomwe sitingakwanitse. Ndipo malinga ngati sitinathetse vutoli, sizingathandize kusintha konkire yolimba ndi nkhuni.

Ngati, nthawi yomweyo, tikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito biomass yochulukirapo popanga mphamvu ndikubwezera zotsalira zochulukirapo monga zomangira komanso malo ochulukirapo ku ulimi - sizingatheke. Ndipo ngati nkhuni zimanenedwa kuti ndizosalowerera ndale CO2 mochuluka, ndiye kuti pali chiopsezo kuti nkhalango zathu zidzadulidwa. Zidzakulanso m’zaka 50 kapena 100, koma m’zaka zingapo zotsatira izi zidzasonkhezera kusintha kwa nyengo mofanana ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zakale zokwiririka pansi zakale. Ndipo ngakhale mitengo ingasungidwe m’nyumba kwa nthaŵi yaitali, mbali yaikulu imatenthedwa monga zinyalala zocheka macheka. Pali masitepe ambiri okonzekera ndipo pamapeto pake gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a nkhuni ndizomwe zimayikidwa.

MARTIN AUER: Kodi mungamange bwanji matabwa?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Nyumba yapamwamba yokhala ndi nsanjika 10 mpaka 15 ingamangidwedi ndi matabwa. Clay atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mkati makamaka. Mofanana ndi konkire, dongo likhoza kudzazidwa mu formwork ndi tamped pansi. Mosiyana ndi njerwa, dothi la rammed silifunika kutenthedwa. Makamaka ngati angatengedwe kwanuko, dongo limakhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri wa CO2. Pali kale makampani omwe amapanga zida zopangira dongo, udzu ndi matabwa. Izi ndizinthu zomangira zamtsogolo. Komabe, vuto lalikulu ndilakuti timangomanga mochulukira. Tiyenera kuganizira mozama za momwe timakonzeranso zinthu zakale. Koma panonso, funso la zinthu zomangira ndilofunika kwambiri.

Makoma a rammed pansi pomanga mkati
Chithunzi: wolemba osadziwika

MARTIN AUER: Kodi dongosolo lamizinda yayikulu ngati Vienna lingakhale lotani?

JOHANNES TINTNER-OLIFERS: Pankhani ya nyumba zokhalamo zokhala ndi nsanjika zambiri, palibe chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito matabwa kapena dongo lamatabwa. Ili ndi funso la mtengo, koma ngati tigula mtengo wa CO2, ndiye kuti zenizeni zachuma zimasintha. Konkire yokhazikika ndi chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri. Tidzazifuna chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, simungathe kumanga ngalande kapena damu pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa. Konkire yokhazikika ya nyumba zogona zitatu kapena zisanu ndi zinthu zapamwamba zomwe sitingakwanitse.

Komabe: nkhalango ikukulabe, koma kukula kukucheperachepera, chiopsezo cha imfa msanga chikuwonjezeka, pali tizilombo tochuluka. Ngakhale titapanda kutenga kalikonse, sitingakhale otsimikiza kuti nkhalangoyo sidzafanso. Kutentha kwa dziko kumachulukirachulukira, m'pamenenso CO2 yomwe nkhalango imatha kuyamwa pang'ono, kutanthauza kuti ingakwaniritse ntchito yomwe idafunidwa yochepetsa kusintha kwanyengo. Izi zimachepetsa kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito nkhuni ngati zomangira mopitilira. Koma ngati ubale uli wolondola, ndiye kuti matabwa akhoza kukhala zomangira zokhazikika zomwe zimakwaniritsanso zofunikira za kusalowerera ndale.

Chithunzi chapachikuto: Martin Auer, nyumba yokhalamo yokhala ndi nsanjika zambiri yomanga matabwa olimba ku Vienna Meidling