Veronika Janyrova
"Lamulo lothandizira alendo (ku Austria), mwachitsanzo, limapereka zoyenera kuchita ndi kulembetsa kwa oyimira chidwi komanso okakamiza, koma sizichotsa zipinda ndipo sizimapatsa anthu chidziwitso pazomwe amachita.
Milandu yobisika yobisalira komanso yokayikira komanso kusaloledwa mwalamulo pa zosankha zandale imayenderana ndi ziphuphu ngati mthunzi wautali. Posachedwa pomwe komiti ya Europe yofufuza ku Europe mu 2006 ndi 2007, zokakamiza ku Austria komanso upangiri wandale zakhala zikukayikiridwa pafupipafupi.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kudalira kwa Austrian pandale kunali kukutha kwa zaka. Kwambiri mpaka, mu 2017, anthu kwathunthu 87 peresenti anali ndi chidaliro chochepa kapena samakhulupirira ndale (Kafukufuku wa OGM m'malo mwa Initiative for Majority Suffrage and Democratic Reform, 2018). Ndipo ndizokayikitsa kwambiri kuti izi zikadakhala bwino chaka chino.
Koma sikuti ndi akatswiri okhwimira okha komanso alangizi andale oyesera kukopa malingaliro andale. Osewera ambiri azikhalidwe amatsata cholinga ichi - mabungwe asayansi, maziko, malingaliro osakanikira, mabungwe, mabungwe omwe siaboma, mabungwe amasukulu ndi mayanjano a makolo. Ndipo pafupifupi onsewa amayimira zokonda kapena malingaliro ake.
Kuyang'ana m'mbuyo ndikuyembekeza kutsogolo
Poyerekeza mayiko ena, kufunsira pazandale ngati fakitale ku Austria ndikocheperako. Kwa theka la zaka, kuyanjana kwa zisangalalo kunachitika makamaka pamlingo wothandizana nawo. Magulu achidwi kwambiri (Gulu Lantchito AK, nyumba yoyang'ana zamalonda WKO, Chipinda cha ulimi LKO, Mgwirizano wamalonda ÖGB) zinali zoyendetsedwa bwino. Mpikisano wandale sunali wovuta kwambiri ndi maphwando awiri akuluakulu. Pakulowa nawo ku EU komanso kuyang'aniridwa ndi Wolfgang Schüssel, magulu azokondera pachikhalidwe adakankhidwira mokulira.
Wasayansi yandale amalemba za izi Anton Pelinka: "Kukula kwa upangiri wandale ku Austria kunali kodziwika mwapadera: kuchedwa. Poyerekeza ndi kuchepa kwa demokalase kwathunthu komanso kulimbikitsidwa ndikugwira ntchito kwambiri kwa chipani, kapangidwe kake ndi ntchito zauphungu ndale, monga zimafanana ndi demokalase yodziwikiratu, zayamba pang'onopang'ono ku Austria. "
Sizokayikitsa kuti kufunikira kwa upangiri wamalingaliro kudzatsika m'tsogolo. Kutukuka kwachuma, zachuma komanso ndale komanso masewera ndi zovuta masiku ano chifukwa cha izi. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yosankha komanso yosavota idapeza kufunikira ndikupatsa andale zina zowonjezera zomwe sizingachitike. Pomaliza, anthu omasuka ndi osiyananso ambiri amafuna kuti atchuke kwambiri, kutenga nawo mbali komanso kutenga nawo mbali pa demokalase.
Za kusewera kwaulere kwa kukangana
Zowonadi, ufulu wakuyimira zofuna za munthu ndi gawo lofunikira la demokalase yodziimira. Izi zikuphatikizanso kusinthana kwa chidziwitso pakati pa mabungwe, makampani ndi magulu achidwi mbali imodzi ndi ndale, nyumba yamalamulo ndi oyang'anira mbali inayo. Osangokhala olimbikitsa maubwenzi azikhalidwe omwe amakhala ndi malingaliro awa, mwachitsanzo Transparency International, yomwe imayang'anitsitsa ndikuwunika za ziphuphu mdziko muno: "Lingaliro lalikulu lofunsira ndi kugwirizira ndikukhazikitsa malamulo, kutenga nawo mbali komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa anthu ndi mabungwe omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zisankho zachitukuko kapena zochitika zina.
Koma kulimbikira kumeneku kuyenera kukhala kotseguka mokwanira komanso kowonekera, "akutero Eva Geiblinger, Mtsogoleri wa Transparency International - Austrian Chapter. Kusewera kwaulere kwa kukangana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zabwino kwambiri ndikumvetsetsa kosangalatsa kwa demokalase. Ndipo sindiyo malo, chifukwa pali zambiri zokwanira ndi malingaliro ake.
Kuchita Zinthu Ku Austria: Sikuti nkhosa zonse ndi zakuda
Palinso upangiri wofunika kwambiri pa mfundo. Ntchito yanu yayikulu ndikupereka andale komanso oyang'anira. Izi zikuphatikiza zowunikidwa komanso kusanthula za zotsatirapo zake ndi zotsutsana ndi zosafunika pazisankho.
Mwachitsanzo, wasayansi ya ndale, Hubert Sickinger, amafotokoza za omwe amapanga zisankho ngati "ndalama zovomerezeka" zokomera anthu, "chifukwa ndizofunikira komanso zothandiza pa zigamulo zandale". Malinga ndi iye, kugwirira ntchito ndikoyenera malinga ndi malingaliro a demokalase, ngati zokonda zambiri momwe angathere zitheke kuti amvedwe ndipo zosankha sizipangidwa pachokhacho.
Tsoka ilo, iyenso ayenera kuzindikira kuti kubisalira ku Austria, makamaka kudzera m'mabungwe ndi m'malo ochitira alendo, nthawi zambiri kumachitika mwachinsinsi: "Ndalama zenizeni" za olowerera ndimalumikizidwe awo andale komanso kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa magwiridwe antchito andale ". Ngakhale mfundo za boma zimatha kutengera izi. Kulengeza kuyenera kukhala bizinesi yaboma mu demokalase yotseguka, chifukwa kukambirana kotsutsana Mafunso ndi zofuna zake ndizomwe zimatanthauzira mtundu wa zosankha zandale.
Malingaliro ambiri pa izi amachokera ku zokambirana zandale zomwe: mwachitsanzo, mlangizi wa zandale Feri Thierry akufuna kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yovomerezeka, mwachitsanzo kudzera pazidziwitso zodziyimira komanso zowonekera, komanso kufotokozera pagulu nkhani zandale, kupanga zisankho ndi kusankha zochita ndi zomwe zingachitike. Malinga ndi iye, ndizodziwikiratu izi zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuyanjanitsa kwa zokonda ndi chisokonezo.
Pofuna kubwezeretsa kukhulupilika kwa bizinesi, Austrian Public Affairs Association (ÖPAV) ndi Austrian Lobbying and Public Affairs Council (ALPAC) akhazikitsa malamulo azikhalidwe zawo mamembala awo, omwe nthawi zambiri amapitilira malamulo.
Zochitika pamilandu: kulanda ku Austria
Zili choncho chifukwa awa ndi osauka kwambiri ku Austria. Ngakhale adachotsedwa ntchito nthawi zambiri atachotsedwa ntchito a Ernst Strasser's, komabe pakufunikira kusintha kwakukulu. Chaka cha 2012 chinali chodabwitsa kwambiri pankhaniyi: National Council idapereka Lobbying and Lobbying Transparency Act, Politala Parties Act, polimbikitsa zigawenga zotsutsana ndi katangale komanso Lamulo Losagwirizana ndi Transparency Act. Izi zidakhazikitsa njira yofunikira, koma mwatsoka malamulo ambiri adakhala opanda chochita.
Lobbying Act, mwachitsanzo, imapereka zikhalidwe ndi kulembetsa kwa oyimira chidwi komanso okopa alendo, koma sichimapatula zipinda ndipo sizimapereka chidziwitso kwa anthu pazomwe akuchita. Amangoona mayina ndi malonda. Malinga ndi Hubert Sickinger, ndiwofunika kwambiri kuti adziwe zambiri kuposa kaundula weniweni. Koma ngakhale izi zili pafupifupi zopanda ntchito. Poyerekeza ndi 3.000-4.000 akatswiri okopa alendo omwe akuyerekezeredwa ndi ÖPAV ku Austria, anthu 600 okha ndi omwe adalembetsa, i.e. wachisanu. Mosiyana ndi izi, Media Transparency Act, yomwe imanena kuti mabungwe amakampani amakakamizidwa kuti afotokoze ndalama zomwe PR izagulitsa komanso ndalama, ili ndi lipoti la pafupifupi 100 peresenti.
Zikugwira
Kutsutsidwa kwalamulo yolowera m'malo opezeka alendo ndi komwe kukufunika ndipo kuchuluka kwa ntchitoyo kukuwonjezereka, kuwonekera kwa mabungwe aboma, kupita ku nyumba yamalamulo yomwe ingapangitse anthu kukhala omveka, omwe potsatira malamulo ndi malamulo abwerera.
Zomwezi zikuchitikanso ndi Incompatible and Transparency Act ya MP, yomwe imapereka mwayi wofotokoza ndalama zomwe amapeza komanso kasamalidwe kawo. Malipoti awa sanayang'anitsidwe kapena kusungitsidwa chidziwitso chabodza. Ichi ndiyinso chifukwa chotsutsidwa nthawi zonse ndi Council of Europe, chomwe, kuphatikiza kuwongolera ndi kulakwitsa pazidziwitso, imafunanso kuti khazikitsidwe kwa mamembala a nyumba yamalamulo komanso malamulo omveka bwino pothana ndi olandira alendo. Pomaliza, akupemphanso lamulo loletsa oletsedwa kwa nyumba yamalamulo.
Onetsani ndalama ndi zambiri zikuyenda
Zofooka za malamulo achipani zidawonetsedwa modabwitsa kwa ife mu 2019. Ufulu wazidziwitso ungakhale wofunikanso ku Austria, monga zakhala zikufunidwira ndi Ufulu Wazachidziwitso kwa zaka zambiri. Izi zimapereka - m'malo mwa "chinsinsi" chaku Austria - ufulu waboma wopeza zidziwitso kuchokera ku mabungwe aboma. Zitha kupitilira kuchuluka kwa ndalama kuchokera komanso kumaphwando ndi andale ndipo, mwachitsanzo, zimapangitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa misonkho komanso malingaliro andale kukhala pagulu komanso zomveka.
Zonse, milandu yachitetezo ku Austra pokhudzana ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziphuphu komanso kusakhudzidwa kosayenerera kwa malamulo ndi zisankho zandale ndizoposa zosauka. Mumdima ndikwabwino kuyimba. Kufunika kopeza ndikuthekera ndipo malingana ngati malamulo omveka bwino a masewerawa sanapangidwe azandale komanso amiseche awo, kusayang'anira ndale komanso mbiri yapansi ya gulu lawo sizisintha.
Ndikakumbukira m'mbuyomu, munthu ayenera kuthokoza Ernst Strasser, chifukwa kuzindikira kwake kuphompho kwake kumathandizira kubwezeretsa mwalamulo kulumpha. Ndipo pali zisonyezo zambiri kuti iwo a Deputy Chancellor Heinz Christian Strache sangakhale kwathunthu osasinthidwa mwalamulo. Ngakhale malamulo awa nthawi zina amakhala kutali ndi ndale zodziwikiratu, zowunikira komanso zodziwika bwino, zochitika izi - zofananira ndi chithunzithunzi cha ma 1970's - zikuwonetsa kuyeretsa.
INFO: Zisonyezero za katangale komanso zokopa alendo ku Austria
Transparency International imapereka Chidziwitso cha Ziphuphu (CPI). Denmark, Finland ndi New Zealand sizinasunthike m'malo atatu apamwamba mu 2018, pomwe South Sudan, Syria ndi Somalia pansi.
Ndili ndi 76 mwa mfundo 100 zomwe zingatheke, dziko la Austria lakwanitsa kukhala 14th, momwe limakhalira limodzi ndi Hong Kong ndi Iceland. Austria yalowa ndi mfundo 2013 kuyambira 7. Pomwe Austria idali pamalo 16th chaka chatha, otsogola kwambiri kuyambira 2005 - malo 10 - sizinachitikebe. Poyerekeza EU, Austria ilinso kuseri kwa Finland ndi Sweden (malo achitatu), Netherlands ndi Luxembourg (malo a 3 ndi 8) komanso Germany ndi UK (malo a 9).
Pamwambo wowonetsedwa kwa CPI 2018, Transparency International ikukonzanso zofunikira zake, zopita ku National Council ndi Federal Government, komanso kwa mabizinesi ndi mabungwe aboma. "Tikukhulupirira kuti kukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zili mmenemu kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu osati pokhapokha, komanso pakuwunika kwa dziko lonse la Austria ngati malo abizinesi," akutsimikiza Eva Geiblinger.
Njira zofunika:
- Kukonzanso malamulo okopa boma ndi ma regista - makamaka atatsutsidwa ndi Khothi la Olemba
- Ndondomeko ya University: Kuwonetsera zakusainirana kwamgwirizano pakati pa sayansi ndi mafakitale, mwachitsanzo pazachuma chayokha cha gulu lachitatu la mayunivesite aku Austria
- Kukula kwazowonekera bwino m'maboma aku Austria
- Kuwonekera mu mphoto ya nzika (mapasipoti agolide)
- Dziwani ufulu wa chidziwitso
- Udindo wovomerezeka kuti udziwulule zopereka kuchokera ku makampani opanga mankhwala kwa madokotala ndi mamembala ena aumoyo komanso kaundula wapakatikati
- Kuyimba muluzi: Chitsimikizo chodzitchinjiriza mwalamulo kwa azungu kuchokera pagulu laboma, monga kale kwa ogwira ntchito zaboma
- Kukonzanso kwa Malamulo pazipani zandale kuti zitheke kuletsa zopereka, kuwonekera kwa zopereka ku maphwando ndi omwe akuwatsata ndikutsata zomwe zimalepheretsa ndalama zotsatsa zotsatsa, zosagwirizana komanso zosavomerezeka.
