Zosunga zobwezeretsera kuti mupulumuke

lolemba ndi Robert B. Fishman

Nkhokwe zosungira mbeu zimasunga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zakudya za anthu

Pafupifupi 1.700 jini ndi nkhokwe zosungira mbeu padziko lonse lapansi zimateteza zomera ndi mbewu kuti zikhale ndi thanzi laumunthu. "Seed safe" imagwira ntchito ngati zosunga zobwezeretsera Malo osungira Mbewu a Svalbard ku Svalbard. Mbewu zamitundu 18 zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimasungidwa pamenepo paminus 5.000 degrees, kuphatikiza mitundu yopitilira 170.000 yamitundu ya mpunga. 

M’chaka cha 2008, boma la Norway linali ndi bokosi la tirigu wochokera ku Philippines kuti lisungidwe mumsewu wa mgodi wina ku Svalbard. Motero anayamba kumanga nkhokwe yosungiramo chakudya cha anthu. Popeza kuti vuto la nyengo lasintha zinthu zaulimi mofulumira kwambiri ndiponso kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo ikucheperachepera, chuma chosungiramo majini chamitundumitundu cha ku Svalbard Seed Vault chakhala chofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu. 

Zosungirako zaulimi

"Timagwiritsa ntchito gawo laling'ono kwambiri lazakudya zathu," atero a Luis Salazar, mneneri wa Crop Trust ku Bonn. Mwachitsanzo, zaka 120 zapitazo, alimi ku USA anali akulimabe mitundu 578 ya nyemba. Masiku ano alipo 32 okha. 

Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zikuchepa

Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaulimi, mitundu yambiri ikutha m'minda komanso pamsika padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira zake: zakudya zathu zimadalira mitundu yocheperako ya zomera ndipo chifukwa chake imakhala yovuta kwambiri: kulima monoculture kumatulutsa dothi lopangidwa ndi makina olemera komanso tizilombo towononga zomwe zimadya mbewu imodzi zimafalikira mofulumira. Alimi amamwaza ziphe zambiri ndi feteleza. Zotsalira za agent zimawononga nthaka ndi madzi. Zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zikupitiriza kuchepa. Kufa kwa tizilombo ndi chimodzi chokha cha zotsatira zambiri. Bwalo loyipa.

Mitundu yakuthengo imatsimikizira kupulumuka kwa zomera zothandiza

Pofuna kuteteza mitundu ndi mitundu ya mbewu komanso kupeza zatsopano, Crop Trust imagwirizanitsa "Project Wild Relative Project"- pulogalamu yoweta ndi kufufuza pachitetezo cha chakudya. Oweta ndi asayansi amawoloka mitundu yakuthengo ndi mbewu zomwe wamba kuti apange mitundu yatsopano yolimba yomwe ingapirire zovuta zanyengo: kutentha, kuzizira, chilala ndi nyengo ina yoopsa. 

Ndondomekoyi ndi ya nthawi yayitali. Kukula kwa mbewu yatsopano yokha kumatenga zaka khumi. Kuphatikiza apo, pali miyezi kapena zaka zovomerezeka, kutsatsa ndi kufalitsa.

 "Tikukulitsa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana ndikuthandiza kuti alimi azitha kupezeka," alonjeza Luis Salazar wochokera ku Crop Trust.

Kuthandizira kuti alimi ang'onoang'ono apulumuke

Olima ang'onoang'ono kumwera kwapadziko lonse, makamaka, nthawi zambiri amatha kugula dothi losauka komanso lopanda zokolola zambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi ndalama zogulira mbewu zovomerezeka zamabungwe azaulimi. Mitundu yatsopano ndi mitundu yakale yosavomerezeka imatha kupulumutsa moyo. Mwanjira imeneyi, jini ndi nkhokwe zosungira mbewu ndi Crop Trust zimathandizira pakukula kwaulimi, zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso kudyetsa anthu omwe akukula padziko lonse lapansi. 

Mu Agenda yake ya 2030, United Nations Zolinga 17 zachitukuko chokhazikika kukhala mu dziko. "Kuthetsa njala, kupeza chakudya chokwanira ndi zakudya zabwino, ndikulimbikitsa ulimi wokhazikika," ndilo cholinga chachiwiri.

Crop Trust idakhazikitsidwa molingana ndi "International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture" (Plant Treaty). Zaka 20 zapitazo, mayiko 143 ndi European Union anagwirizana pa njira zosiyanasiyana zotetezera ndi kusunga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera paulimi.

Pafupifupi 1700 mabanki a majini ndi mbewu padziko lonse lapansi

Ma jini a 1700 aboma ndi achinsinsi komanso nkhokwe zosungira mbeu padziko lonse lapansi amasunga zitsanzo za mbewu pafupifupi mamiliyoni asanu ndi awiri zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuti zisungidwe kuti zibereke ndikupangitsa kuti alimi, alimi ndi sayansi azipezeka. Zofunika kwambiri mwa izi ndi tirigu, mbatata ndi mpunga: mitundu pafupifupi 200.000 ya mpunga imasungidwa makamaka mu nkhokwe za jini ndi mbewu ku Asia.  

Kumene njerezo sizingasungidwe, zimalima mbewuzo ndi kuzisamalira kuti mbande zatsopano zamitundu yonse zizipezeka nthawi zonse.

Crop Trust imalumikizana ndi mabungwewa. Mneneri wa Trust Luis Salazar amatcha kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ndi mitundu "maziko a zakudya zathu".

Imodzi mwamabanki akulu kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana amitundu iyi imagwira ntchito izi Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics ndi Crop Plant Research IPK ku Saxony-Anhalt. Kafukufuku wake amathandiza, mwa zina, "kusinthika kwabwino kwa zomera zofunikira zomwe zimabzalidwa ku kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chilengedwe."

Mavuto a nyengo akusintha chilengedwe mofulumira kuposa momwe nyama ndi zomera zingagwirizane nazo. Chifukwa chake, nkhokwe zosungira mbewu ndi majini zikukhala zofunika kwambiri pakudyetsa dziko lapansi.

Nyengo ikusintha mwachangu kuposa momwe mbewu zimasinthira

Ngakhale nkhokwe zosungiramo mbewu sizingatiteteze ku zotsatira za kusintha kumene ife anthu timachititsa padziko lapansi. Palibe amene akudziwa ngati mbewuzo zidzakula bwino pambuyo pa zaka zambiri kapena zaka zambiri zosungidwa pansi pa nyengo yosiyana kwambiri yamtsogolo.

Mabungwe ambiri omwe si aboma akudzudzula nawo magulu aulimi monga Syngenta ndi Pioneer mu Mbewu Kudalira. Amapeza ndalama zawo ndi mbewu zosinthidwa chibadwa komanso zovomerezeka pambewu, zomwe alimi amatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito polipira ziphaso zokwera. 

Mneneri wa Misereor a Markus Wolter akuyamikirabe zomwe boma la Norway likuchita. Izi zikuwonetsa ndi Svalbard Seed Vault chuma chomwe anthu ali nacho ndi mbewu zochokera padziko lonse lapansi. 

Bokosi la chuma kwa aliyense 

Mu Seed Vault, osati makampani okha, koma mbewu zilizonse zitha kusungidwa kwaulere. Mwachitsanzo, amatchula a Cherokee, anthu a First Nations ku USA. Koma n’kofunika kwambiri kuti mbewu za anthu zisungidwe mu sito, mwachitsanzo m’minda. Chifukwa palibe amene akudziwa ngati mbewu zomwe zasungidwa zidzakula bwino pakatha zaka zambiri munyengo yosiyana kotheratu. Alimi amafunikira njere zopezeka mwaulele zomwe zimagwirizana ndi madera awo komanso kuti azitha kukula m'minda yawo kunja. Komabe, izi zikuchulukirachulukirachulukira chifukwa cha malamulo okhwima ovomereza mbewu, akuchenjeza Stig Tanzmann, katswiri wa mbewu wa bungwe la “Bread for the World”. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mapangano a mayiko monga UPOV, omwe amaletsa kusinthanitsa ndi kugulitsa mbewu zomwe zilibe chilolezo.

Ngongole ukapolo wa patented mbewu

Kuphatikiza apo, malinga ndi lipoti la Misereor, alimi ochulukirachulukira akuyenera kulowa m'ngongole kuti agule mbewu zovomerezeka - nthawi zambiri m'paketi yokhala ndi feteleza ndi mankhwala oyenera. Ngati zokololazo zakhala zocheperapo kuposa momwe anakonzera, alimi sakanathanso kubweza ngongolezo. Mtundu wamakono wa ukapolo wa ngongole. 

Stig Tanzmann amawonanso kuti makampani akuluakulu ambewu akuphatikizanso ma gene kuchokera ku mbewu zina kapena kuchokera pakukula kwawo kukhala mbewu zomwe zilipo kale. Izi zimawathandiza kukhala ndi zovomerezeka izi ndikutolera ndalama zalayisensi pakugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse.

Kwa Judith Düesberg wochokera ku bungwe losagwirizana ndi boma la Gen-Ethischen Netzwerk, zimatengeranso kuti ndani ali ndi mwayi wopita ku nkhokwe zambewu ngati kuli kofunikira. Lerolino makamaka malo osungiramo zinthu zakale osungiramo zinthu zakale amene “simathandiza kwenikweni pakupeza chakudya chokwanira.” Iye anatchula zitsanzo za ku India. Kumeneko, obereketsa adayesa kuswana mitundu ya thonje yachikhalidwe, yosasinthika, koma sanapeze mbewu zofunika kulikonse. Zili ngati alimi a mpunga amene akugwira ntchito yolimbana ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Izi zikutsimikiziranso kuti mbewu ziyenera kusungidwa, makamaka m'minda komanso m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa alimi. Pokhapokha pogwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda m'mene njere zingasinthire kuti zigwirizane ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi nthaka. Ndipo alimi akumeneko amadziŵa bwino zimene zikukula m’minda yawo.

Info:

Gene ethical network: Zofunikira kwambiri kumakampani opanga ma genetic ndi makampani opanga mbewu padziko lonse lapansi

MASIPAG: Mgwirizano wa alimi oposa 50.000 ku Philippines amene amalima okha mpunga ndi kusinthanitsa mbewu. Mwanjira imeneyi amadzipanga okha kukhala osadalira mabungwe akuluakulu ambewu