Veronika Janyrova
"Tikuwona m'maiko ambiri momwe malamulo achigawenga angapangire. Otsutsa amawopsezedwa, osiyidwa kapena omangidwa."
Annemarie Schlack, Amnesty Int.
2018 inali itayamba zademokalase pakadali pano yokhala ndi zonse. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka, boma lidadabwitsa - mochulukirapo kapena mochepera - ndi mtundu watsopano wa "chitetezo phukusi" lomwe lidapangitsa kutsutsidwa kwakukulu chaka chatha. Zonse, ndemanga za 9.000 zidaperekedwa ndi nzika, ma NGO ndi maboma aboma - kuposa kale lonse kuti pakhale lamulo. Chinsinsi cha kusinthaku kuti "achitepo kanthu bwino pantchito yolimbana ndi zigawenga komanso uchigawenga", monga momwe mabungwe a boma adanenera, ndikugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya espionage (Bundestrojaner).
Boma tsopano lili ndi mwayi wokhoza kupeza zidziwitso zonse ndi mafoni ndi makompyuta - mwachitsanzo kudzera pa WhatsApp, Skype, kapena "mtambo" waumwini. Mukudziwa, izi zimafuna kulamula ndi woimira boma komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi khothi. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, pamwambowu, kulemberanso makalata komweku kunakonzedwa, ndikuwunikira zosunga (zokhudzana ndi zochitika) ndikulimbikitsa kuwunika kwa kanema pamalo a anthu. Otsutsa ndi ma NGO ambiri adawona izi ngati kusasokoneza kwina ndi ufulu wofunikira komanso ufulu, adachenjezedwa za nkhanza ndipo adalankhula za "boma lowonera".
Palibe chodabwitsa kuti kusinthika kwa malamulo apano, malinga ndi momwe zigawo zoweruza zingadzadziwitsidwe ndi boma la feduro lokha potsatira lamulo. Pakadali pano, kuvomerezedwa kwa boma la feduro ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la federal kunafunikira kuti milandu yamilandu ikhazikitsidwe. Bungwe la oweruza ku Austria likuwona kusinthaku "kusokonezedwa kwakukulu pamajaji woweruzira milandu (komanso zosapeweka) motero mukulamulidwa kwa malamulo a Austria".
Ufulu wazofalitsa suyambitsa chifukwa chosasamala. Kupatula kuphatikizidwa kosaneneka kwa atolankhani komanso magulu azachuma omwe ali ndi njala, ORF yakhala ikuzunzidwa kambiri kuyambira chiyambi cha chaka. Kupatula apo, izi zidalimbikitsa anthu a 45.000 kuti asaine apilo kuchokera ku bungweli "kuti adzuke!" Pofuna kutsutsa mgwirizano wa ndale wa ORF.
Ndondomeko yoyendetsera anthu osamukira kumayiko ena imayenera kukhala ndi mutu wawo. Komabe, ziyenera kutchulidwa pano kuti National Council idasankha mu Julayi kuti ithandizenso kukhazikitsa malamulo okhudza alendo, zomwe tsopano zimalola apolisi kulowa mafoni ndi ndalama kuchokera kwa othawa kwawo. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zodandaulira zinafupikitsidwa, zothandizira kuphatikiza maphunziro a Germany zidafupikitsidwa ndipo upangiri wa zamalamulo kwa omwe akufunafuna chitetezo udafotokozedwa. Ndiye 2005 kuyambira 17. Kusintha kwa lamulo kwa alendo.
Bungwe lochita zachiwerewere
Kuchotsa komwe akukonzekereratu kwa gawo la 278c Abs.3 StGB kudadzetsa kukokoloka. Ili ndi gawo la malamulo a Criminal Code a zigawenga olekanitsidwa momasuka ndi zochitika zokomera anthu pachibadwidwe cha demokalase ndi malamulo, komanso ufulu wachibadwidwe. Kuchotsedwako kukadatanthawuza kuti, mwachitsanzo, demokalase ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi ufulu wa anthu zitha kutengedwa ngati zachigawenga komanso kuwalanga. Chomwe chimakondweretsa pamilandu iyi ndikuti boma pamapeto pake linanyalanyaza kuchotsedwa chifukwa chotsutsidwa ndi mabungwe aboma, ophunzira komanso otsutsa. Amnesty International Austria imawerengera - kuwonjezera pa demokalase yochulukirapo!, Alliance for non-Profit, Social Economy Austria ndi Eco-Office - kwa mabungwe amenewo, omwe adatsata kukonzanso kwa malamulo aupandu ndi maso a chiwombankhanga. Woyang'anira wamkulu Annemarie Schlack amakumbukira zikhalidwe zodziyimira pawokha m'maiko ena: "Tikuwona m'maiko ambiri momwe malamulo osokoneza bongo angapangitse: otsutsa amawopsezedwa, kugundidwa kapena kumangidwa. Chitetezo cha omenyera ufulu wa anthu ku Austria chikadakhala chofooka kwambiri ".
Kuyang'ana kum'mawa
Visegrad inatiwonetsa momveka bwino komwe mfundo zodziyimira pawokha komanso zapakati zingayambire. Mwachitsanzo, Prime Minister waku Hungary Viktor Orban, akuchita kampeni yotsutsana ndi ma NGO omwe adadzipereka ku ufulu wa anthu komanso demokalase ndipo amathandizidwa ndi mayiko akunja. Chaka chathachi, ma NGO aku Hungary atalamulidwa ndi lamulo kuti awulule zopereka zawo zakunja, lamulo latsopano la NGO lidakhazikitsidwa mu June, lomwe limawafunikira kuti alipire 25 peresenti ya ndalama iyi ku boma la Hungary. Kuphatikiza apo, ayenera kudziwonetsa m'mabuku awo ngati "bungwe lolandira thandizo lakunja". Izi zomwe zimatchedwa "njira zoteteza anthuwa" ndizovomerezeka chifukwa mabungwe omwe siabungwe lino "amapanga zosamukira ku mayiko ena" ndipo potero "akufuna kusinthiratu mawonekedwe awanthu aku Hungary".
Ku Poland nakonso, boma nthawi zambiri limanyalanyaza mfundo zamalamulo ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo limayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa ufulu wofotokozera komanso msonkhano. Ziwonetsero zamtendere zikuyimbidwa mlandu ndipo mabungwe omwe si aboma amazunzidwa. Komabe, patatha zaka zisanu ndi zinayi za boma komanso ambiri mu zipinda zonse ziwiri, chipani cholamula "Law and Justice" (PiS) chikuwonekeratu kuti chatchera ufulu wosankha. Kukhumudwitsidwa chifukwa cha kudzikuza kwa mphamvu kunadzetsa zipolowe mkati mwa anthu komanso mzimu wotsimikiza mtima wokhala m'mbiri chaka chatha. Ziwonetsero zazikulu kwambiri pamapeto pake zidapangitsa kuti purezidenti aŵiri mwa malamulo atatu omenyera demokalase. Kuphatikiza apo, pa ziwonetserozi, mabungwe atsopano ndi zoyambira zademokalase zidapangidwa zomwe zimathandizananso mu gulu limodzi.
Bungwe lachitukuko ku Slovak lidadzukanso pambuyo pa mtolankhani wa 2018 mu February Jan Kuciak anaphedwa. Iye anali akungopeza njira yolumikizirana yomwe oimira atsogoleri azachuma ku Slovak, andale ndi chilungamo amatumikirana. Palibe amene amakayikira kuti Kuciak anaphedwa chifukwa cha mavumbulutso ake. Poyankha kupha anthu, dzikolo lidakhudzidwa ndi ziwonetsero zomwe sizinachitike. Kupatula apo, izi zidapangitsa kuti mkulu wa apolisi atule pansi udindo, nduna yayikulu, nduna ya zamkati ndipo, pomaliza pake, iye alowe m'malo mwake.
Poganizira mavutowa, ndizosadabwitsa kuti kusakhutira kwa anthu okhala ku Visegrad ndikutukuka kwa demokalase kwawo ndi momwe machitidwe awo andale sanachitirepo kanthu ku EU. Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse adadziwikanso kuti mayiko ali ndi "vuto losowa thandizo" lomwe limafalikira mdera lonse. Chifukwa chake, anthu ambiri mwa 74 peresenti ya anthu amakhulupirira kuti mphamvu mdziko lawo ili m'manja mwa andale, komanso kuti munthu wamba munthawi imeneyo alibe mphamvu konse. Oposa theka linavomerezana ndi mawu akuti zinali zopanda pake kulowerera ndale ndipo ambiri sachita mantha kufotokoza malingaliro awo pagulu. Malingaliro omwe alipo akuti ma demokalase awo ndi osalimba kapena otayika akuchepera othandizira demokalase ndikuyambitsa njira yodziwitsira anthu andale zotsutsana ndi demokalase, olemba adatero.
Tili ku Poland ndi Hungary, anthu amakumana mothandizidwa kwambiri ndi demokalase, ku Czech Republic ndi ku Slovakia chidwi cholimba cha "munthu wamphamvu" chimapezeka. Umu ndi mmenenso zilili ku Austria. Tili mdziko muno, malinga ndi SORA Institute, 43 peresenti ya anthu pano amamuwona "munthu wamphamvu" kuti ndiwofunika, ku Visegrad akuti ndi 33 peresenti yokha.
Olemba kafukufuku wa SORA pakudziwitsa demokalase kwa anthu aku Austrian adapezanso kuti ngakhale kuthandizira demokalase ku Austria kwatsika kwambiri mzaka khumi zapitazi, kuvomerezedwa kwa "mtsogoleri wamphamvu" ndi "law & order" kwawonjezeka kwambiri. Palinso kusatsimikizika kwakukulu komanso malingaliro akuti alibe chonena mu anthu aku Austria. Mapeto a olembawo ndi awa: "Kukweza kusatsimikizika, chikhumbo chofuna kukhala" munthu wamphamvu "ku Austria."
Zigawenga, tsopano?
Kuchokera pozindikira izi komanso zaka zambiri zofufuza ubale wa Austria ndi demokalase, mkulu wa asayansi ku SORA Institute Günther Ogris adapereka mfundo zisanu ndi imodzi zimalimbikitsa demokalase ku Austria. Maphunziro, kuzindikira kwa mbiri yakale, kuchuluka kwa mabungwe andale komanso atolankhani, chilungamo chachitukuko, komanso ulemu ndi kuyamikiridwa mkati mwa anthu amtunduwu ndizofunikira pa izi.
-----------------------
INFO: Mfundo 6 zotsatirazi zolimbikitsa demokalase kuti zikambirane,
Wolemba Günther Ogris, www.sora.at
mfundo maphunziro: Maphunziro amatenga gawo lofunikira mu demokalase. Sukulu imatha kulimbikitsa luso la ndale, kutanthauza luso lodziwitsa, kukambirana komanso kutenga nawo mbali. Ntchitoyi imagawidwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana ndipo iyenera kulimbikitsidwa ngati cholinga pakusintha maphunziro mosalekeza.
mphamvu ya mbiri: Kulimbana ndi kuwunika kwa mbiriyakale ya munthu kumatsimikizira bwino chikhalidwe chademokalase, kuthekera kuthana nawo moyenera mikangano ndi kusiyana. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo kulimbikitsa kuphunzitsa kwa mbiri yamakono m'masukulu onse.
Mabungwe andale: Mabungwe andale ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa ubale wawo ndi nzika mobwereza bwereza: Ngati nkotheka komanso kopindulitsa kuwongolera kapena kulimbikitsa kutenga nawo mbali, komwe kuli kofunikira kukonza chithunzi chamunthu, komwe kudalirika kungapindulidwe (kumbuyo) ?
media: Atolankhani, limodzi ndi ndale, ali pachiwopsezo cha chidaliro. Nthawi yomweyo, njira yomwe atolankhani amafotokozera za ndale, zokambirana komanso kunyengerera, komanso kusewera pakati pa mabungwe, zimakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe chandale. Ndikofunikira kuwunikanso ndi kupeza njira zatsopano kuti atolankhani agwiritse ntchito udindo wawo ndikukhazikitsa maziko odalirika pantchito yawo, omwe amangogwira pa demokalase.
Nzika: Mosiyana ndi zosangalatsa, ndale nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta komanso zotopetsa. Komabe, pamapeto pake, zimatengera nzika ndi zokambirana zawo momwe demokalase yathu imagwirira ntchito: mgwirizano waboma ndi wotsutsa, macheke ndi magawo, ubale pakati pa makhothi ndi wamkulu, atolankhani ndi andale, wamphamvu ndi kukhudzana.
Chilungamo pachikhalidwe, kuyamikirana ndi ulemu: Zotukwana, makamaka pakuwonjezeka kwa kupanda chilungamo kwa anthu komanso chifukwa chosayamika komanso kulemekeza, zowonetsa zakafukufuku, zimakhala ndi vuto lalikulu pazikhalidwe zandale. Nzika zomwe zikufuna kuthandiza ndikulimbikitsa demokalase ndiye chifukwa chake masiku ano zakumananso ndi funso loti chilungamo, ulemu ndi ulemu zingalimbikitsidwe bwanji.
Photo / Video: Shutterstock.
