Dziko lopanda matenda?

Dziko lopanda matenda - kodi ndizotheka?

Ndi kuyesa kwangozi kwa anthu. Sing'anga waku Britain amadziwa izi Edward Jenner, Ndipo komabe samazengereza akakhala ku 14. Mulole 1796 ilowetse chingwe cha nthomba cha mayi wa mkaka yemwe akuvutika ndi nthomba. Amamukutumiza ndi kachilomboka m'manja mwa mwana wamwamuna wazaka eyiti. Jenner akutumiza ntchito. Amafuna kachilombo koyambitsa matenda nthomba Anthu a 400.000 amamwalira chaka chilichonse ku Europe kokha chaka chilichonse. Patangopita nthawi yochepa, mwana amakhala atakonzedwa kale ndi nkhandwe yopanda vuto lililonse. Kubwerera ku thanzi, adotolo amayambiranso, nthawi ino ndi pox wa anthu. Ngati upangiri wake ukukwera, ndiye kuti thupi la mnyamatayo atagonjetsa matenda ladzitchinjiriza ku kachilomboka. Ndipo zowonadi, iye amapulumutsidwa.

Katemera, wochokera ku mawu achi Latin akuti ng'ombe Vacca, dotolo waku Britain amatcha katemera wake. Akuseka, akufufuza, osayima ngakhale pamaso pa mwana wake wamwamuna wazaka khumi ndi chimodzi. Ndipo, patapita zaka ziwiri, katemera wake amadziwika. Ku Europe konse, zidzachitika mpaka pakati pa 1970, kubweretsa kufafaniza kwa nthomba, monga momwe a X XUMX akutsimikizira.

Dziko lopanda matenda kudzera mu mankhwala a AI?
Makampani a IT aphatikiza mankhwala mtsogolo ndipo atha kuthandiza kudziko lapansi lopanda matenda:

WMWM ya IBM - IBM imayika supercomputer Watson mu ntchito yazaumoyo. Zimayerekezera zotsatira za kusanthula kwa majini a wodwala m'mphindi ndi ma miliyoni a zolemba zina zamankhwala, zithandizo zomwe zingatheke ndikuwunika. Izi zimatitsogolera ku njira yachangu kwambiri yodziwira matenda enieni komanso lingaliro lolingana ndi mankhwala. Kuti achite izi, amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi kampani ya zamankhwala ya Quest Diagnostics. Madotolo kapena azachipatala amatha kugula ngati chithandizo pamtambo. "Uku ndikutsatsa kwakukulu kwa Watson pankhani ya oncology," atero a John Kelly, wamkulu wa kafukufuku wa IBM.

Google - Ndi sakani zoyenera chimphona chofufuzira chilowa m'chipatala. Ndi kampani yoyesa ya DNA 23andMe, yatenga kale malo osungira a 850.000 DNA omwe ogwiritsa ntchito adadzipereka mwakufuna kwawo. Makampani opanga mankhwala Roche ndi Pfizer adzagwiritsa ntchito deta iyi ya DNA pakufufuza. Koma Google ikufuna kupanga zambiri, mankhwala awo omwe. Google Labs yapanga mgwirizano ndi Novartis kupanga lens yolumikizira insulin ndipo kuyambira nthawi yayitali anayamba kupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo a nano.

Microsoft - Kampani ya Bill Gates ndiyomwe ili ndi izi Zaumoyo NEXT ogulitsidwa, nzeru zamagetsi zozikika pamtambo komanso kafukufuku. Pazaka khumi, amafunanso kuti athetse vuto la khansa ". Izi zikuyenera kuchitika ndi kampani ya "Biological Comptip Unit" yomwe cholinga chake cha nthawi yayitali ndikusintha maselo kukhala makompyuta amoyo omwe angawonedwe ndikuyikidwanso. Khalidwe la maselo a khansa silovuta kwenikweni paokha, atero woyang'anira zasayansi Chris Bishop. Ngakhale PC yomwe ilipo pamalonda ili ndi mphamvu zokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito ma kompyuta kudziwa momwe ma aligorivimu amayambira.

apulo - Apple imapatsa ogwiritsa ntchito ndi Ntchito YofufuziraChoyamba, pulogalamu yopanga mapulogalamu, kuthekera kupereka zidziwitso zawo kuchokera ku mapulogalamu a zaumoyo mwachindunji pakufufuza zamankhwala. Izi zimakopa magulu akuluakulu ofufuza ngati opanga mapulogalamu ophunzirira. "ResearchKit imapatsa gulu la asayansi mwayi wolumikizana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi komanso kusonkhanitsa deta kuposa kale," adatero Apple.

Masomphenya, lingaliro, katemera - ndikwanira dziko lopanda matenda?

Pofuna kuthetseratu matenda, pankhaniyi nthenda yopatsirana, chomwe chimafunikira kuposa masomphenya onse, lingaliro, katemera ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi? Kodi zikumveka kuti sizingakhale zoona? Nawonso. Chifukwa imasowa otchedwa gulu chitetezo chokwanira. Katemera, katemera ndi magawo olondola a katemera m'Mayiko ambiri amatsimikizira izi. Chifukwa chake, nthomba ndi matenda okhawo ochotsa matenda. Sizosintha kuti posachedwa, dziko lopanda matenda ndiloto lamtsogolo.

Ku Austria kokha, oposa theka la makolo ndi okayikira a katemera (56%), malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Karl-Landsteiner Association for the Promotion of Medical-Science Science. Ndiye chikufunika chiyani pamenepa? Kulondola, kachiwiri kwamasomphenya. Dzinali likhoza kukhala la Nu Nuer. Nusimer ndi wasayansi ku Yunivesite ya Idaho ku Moscow komanso ali ndi chikonzero chotsimikiza: kupanga katemera yemwe amadzifalitsa yekha ndikuletsa komanso kuthetsa matenda opatsirana. Kuti izi zitha kugwira ntchito, Nuismer adawerengera ndi masinthidwe pogwiritsa ntchito poliyo. Mwachitsanzo, izi zisanachitike, 11 peresenti yokha ndiotetezeka mokwanira pakati pa ana a 17- mpaka azaka za 53 ku Germany.

Zida zatsopano polimbana ndi khansa

Maselo omwe ali ndi chitetezo chathupi
Ku US, 2017 yavomerezedwa kuyambira Seputembala ndi maselo ake okhala ndi maselo oteteza khungu. Izi sizingothandiza mitundu ina ya khansa ya m'magazi ndi zamitsempha, komanso mitundu ina ya khansa, monga zotupa mu chifuwa, mazira, mapapo kapena kapamba, ofufuza akuyembekeza.

maselo Biology
Kusintha kwa ma genetic komwe kumathandizira kuti khansa ikuwoneka ikuwonetseredwa mwatsatanetsatane m'zaka zaposachedwa sayansi ya maselo. Zotsatira zake, mankhwala osokoneza bongo a biotech (monoclonal antibodies) ndi mamolekyulu opanga ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa omwe amatsutsa makamaka mawonekedwe ndikuwonetsa ma cell a khansa. Pali zinthu zopitilira 200 mu zamankhwala zomwe zimayambitsa khansa pamavuto azachipatala padziko lonse lapansi.

Arsenic
Arsenic, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi poizoni wakupha, amatha kupulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu pamlingo woyenera, woperekedwa nthawi yoyenera. Arsenic trioxide bwino mwayi kuchira mu mitundu imodzi pachimake myeloid leukemia, promyelocytic leukemia. Izi zidawonetsedwa ndi kafukufuku wa Phase III mu New England Journal of Medicine.

amakalamba
Sayansi ikugwira ntchito kuti ipeze zolemba za epigenetic zomwe zimagwira nawo khansa monga khansa ya magazi. M'nkhaniyi, akuyesa mayeso omwe angasinthe zomwe zasintha. Maselo a khansa, ndiye chiyembekezo chawo, amatha kusinthidwa kukhala maselo athanzi motere.

Madzi ozizira
Kulonjeza ndi mtundu wa plasma, womwe umakhala ndi kutentha kwa thupi ndipo umatha kupangidwa mosavuta kuchokera ku mipweya yabwino yopanda magetsi. Kuthandiza maselo a khansa ndi plasma ozizira, amapha msanga komanso mwachilengedwe, maselo olimbitsa thupi athanzi, olimba amatha kukhazikikanso.

Mfundo za "zida zachilengedwe"

Umu ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito: Mu Laborism Nuismer ndi gulu lake akutsata kachilombo, pamenepa PolioMakina opangidwira mwanjira kuti aletse kuyambitsa matenda koma kukonzekeretsa chitetezo cha mthupi polimbana ndi pathogen kapena kachilombo kena. Kachilombo kameneka kamatulutsidwa kuthengo, kumadzifalitsa kokhako ndipo ngakhale ana akhanda amatenga kachilombo komwe amakhala. Dokotala atapita kukalandira katemera? Palibe amene akuzifunanso. Komabe, zomwe zimafunikira kuzindikira kuti ndi mtundu wosavulaza wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga kachilombo koyambitsa matenda komwe kamasinthika mwanjira yoti sangathe kukhala kachilombo koyambitsa matenda. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, izi sizingakhale malingaliro amtsogolo zamtsogolo; katemera wodzipatsa wekha akugwiritsidwa ntchito poyeserera nyama. Pankhani ya mliri wa kalulu ndi Sin-Nombre hantavirus, mbewa zamawangamazi zikuyesera. Ndipo wasayansi Nuismer akukhulupirira kuti mwanjira imeneyi posachedwa mavairasi monga Ebola adzaukiridwa, omwe amatumizidwa kuchokera ku nyama yakuthengo kupita kwa anthu.

Dziko lopanda matenda: wopulumutsa majini?

Chifukwa chake posachedwapa titha kuthana ndi matenda opatsirana. Koma bwanji za matenda obadwa nawo? Ngakhale omwe sangathe kuchita nawo 2050. Ndipo chifukwa cha mainjiniation. M'mimba, asayansi adzalowererapo mwadala genome kuti athetse majini omwe amayambitsa matenda osowa.
Izi sizingachitike mwachangu kwambiri? Kodi ndidayamba kalekale, mu Epulo 2015 ku China - ngakhale kuyesera kudalephera panthawiyo. Njira zochiritsira zaku Gene mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda akulu zimayang'aniridwa kale mwanjira komanso mwalamulo mosazengereza, bola ngati kusintha sikuperekedwa kwa ana. Pofuna kulowererapo, vuto la chibadwa lokhalo lomwe limayambitsa matendawa liyenera kudziwika bwino, monga cystic Fibrosis, Huntington's Disease ndi Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Matendawa adzathetsedwa poyambira embryonic mtsogolo.

Ndipo njira ina imabweretsa kubadwa mwaukadaulo nayo: "Crispr / Cas9". Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusintha mtundu wa zomera, nyama ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kufalikira kwa mafupa m'matenda monga matenda a cellle anemia posakhalitsa kudzakhala chinthu cham'mbuyo m'tsogolo. M'malo mosamutsa maselo aopereka, amangolemba majini osalongosoka m'maselo ake a hematopoietic. University of Massachusetts yathetsa kale jini m'maselo a minofu omwe amapanga mtundu wina wa minyewa ya dystrophy. Kuyimitsa m'malo modula ndikukonza posachedwa padzakhala mutu. Pomaliza, palinso nkhani yabwino kwa okonda malo otentha. Ngakhale matenda otentha ngati malungo posachedwa amakhala a m'mbuyomu - kudzera mwa kulowererapo komwe kukuchitika mu genome la udzudzu.

Kutsutsa kwatsopano kwa majini
Pakadali pano Greenpeace idakhumudwitsidwa ndi zomwe a Advocate General ku Khoti Lachilungamo ku EU. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito genetic engineering siziyenera kuthandizidwa mwalamulo monga zomangirira ma genetic. Njira zopangira ma genetic omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati CRISPR-Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) mwanzeru amalowerera mu genome strand. Palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zachilengedwe sizimayambitsa chilengedwe kapena thanzi. Pazosintha ma genetic engineering pogwiritsa ntchito CRISPR-Cas njira, kusintha kwachidziwitso kwa genome kunapezekanso m'maphunziro. "Mukabzyala, izi zimatha kupitilira kapena kupitiriza kubereka. Zotsatira zaukadaulo wamagetsi izi zitha kukhudza zomera zonse, nyama komanso anthu - ngakhale omwe sagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotere kapena kukana zopangidwa ndi GM, "atero a Hewig Schuster a Greenpeace.

Kapena ziyenera kukhala zosiyana kotheratu. Pafupifupi ndi Chithandizo Cha Chikhalidwe Cha China TCM? kapena njira zina?

Photo / Video: Shutterstock.