Veronika Janyrova
Ndani sadziwa, kukayikira komwe kumakhalapo pomwe andale akuwonetsa luso loti asanene chilichonse? Kapena ngati zisankho zandale zithandizanso posankha zina? Ngakhale chithunzi chathu chademokalase chimafuna kuchitapo kanthu, pamapeto pake tili okhutira chifukwa chokhala ndi nthawi yochepa komanso kusowa kwa mwayi wa demokalase kuti tipeze cocoa. Koma kodi ziyenera kukhala mwanjira imeneyi? Kodi ndiye mawu omaliza a demokalase? Malinga ndi lingaliro la Democracy Liquid, yankho ndi lomveka: ayi.
Mu 2011 ndi 2012 a Chipani cha Pirate Germany ndi lingaliro lazore ndipo panthawiyo adazipangitsanso kukhala zigawo zinayi zam boma. Ngakhale zisankho zandale zidalephera kutengera thupi kuyambira pamenepo, adawonetsa dziko lapansi momwe demokalase yanyumba imagwirira ntchito ngati mfundo zamkati mwa bungwe.
Kuti achite izi, adagwiritsa ntchito Open source pulogalamu yamadzimadzi. Ndi malo achitetezo omwe anthu ambiri angathe kutenga nawo mbali pagululo ndikupanga malingaliro. Mitu 3.650 ndi zoyeserera 6.650 pano zikukambidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi mamembala (10.000) papulatifomu. Malingaliro onse opindulitsa, malingaliro kapena nkhawa zimaperekedwa mowoneka bwino ndikupitilira patsogolo mwaulemu. Mwanjira imeneyi, Pirate Party Austria, yomwe ili ndi mamembala ake okwana 337, idakwanitsa kupanga pulogalamu yaphwando yomwe idapitilira zomwe nzika zimachita ndikulowerera ndale.
Koma Democracy Liquid sikuti pulogalamu chabe kapena kungoyesa chabe. Kumbuyo kwa Liquid Democracy kuli demokalase yandale. Ikufuna kuphatikiza zabwino za dongosolo la nyumba yamalamulo ndi kuthekera kwa demokalase yachindunji, potero kuthana ndi zophophonya za madongosolo awiriwa. Makamaka, ndizokhudza kufooka kwa njira zachidziwikire zademokalase kuti zokambirana pazandale zivomerezedwe pokhapokha pakati pa oyambitsa ndi omwe akutsogolera zikuchitika. M'dongosolo loyimira, limasungidwanso kuti magulu andale, komiti ndi nyumba yamalamulo azitha kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana. M'maboma apalamulo mwachindunji, nzika zimasankha mutu wankhani komanso nthawi yomwe akufuna kuchita nawo zokambirana. Nkhani yandaleyi imawoneka ngati njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira zisankho zovomerezeka.
Ndi momwe demokalase ya Liquid imagwirira ntchito
Democracy Liquid ndi wosakanizika pakati pa oimira demokalase komanso mwachindunji, momwe nzika zimatha kupereka nawo gawo pazandale pa intaneti nthawi iliyonse komanso kutenga nawo gawo pokonza zolembedwa zamalamulo - ngati atasankha. Nzika sizangopereka voti zaka 4 kapena 5 zilizonse, koma zimasunga "mozungulira", kunena kwake, pakupanga chisankho pamilandu yomwe angafune kuti adzivotere komanso momwe angatumizire kwa munthu (kapena wandale) adapereka chidaliro chake. Mwakuchita izi, izi zitha kukhala choncho, mwachitsanzo, pankhani zamalamulo amisonkho yomwe chipani X akufuna kuyimiridwa, pankhani zachilengedwe ndi bungwe Y komanso pankhani za malamulo am'banja la munthu Z. Zokhudza kusintha kwasukulu, koma mukufuna kusankha. Kutumizidwa kwa mavoti kungasinthidwe, nthawi iliyonse, kuonetsetsa kuti maboma andale azilamulira.
Kwa nthumwi, lingaliro ili limapereka njira yodziwira malingaliro ndi malingaliro am'munsi ndikulimbikitsa mapulani awo othandizira ndi mavoti. Kwa nzika, ndikotheka kupereka nawo ndale ndikuthandizira kupanga malingaliro andale komanso kusankha kapena kungomvetsetsa.
Magetsi a Democracy
Mabungwe achi Germany Ophatikiza Mapulogalamu a Gulu e. V., wopanga Liquid Feedback, ndi Interactive Demokratie eV, omwe amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi pazinthu zademokalase, awona njira zenizeni zothandizira kutenga nawo mbali pakukonzanso njira zopangira zisankho mumagulu. Axel Kistner, mamembala a gulu Njira Yogwiritsa Ntchito Demokalase eV akutsimikiza kuti: "Lingaliro loyambirira lidali kugwiritsa ntchito mayankho amadzimadzi mkati maphwando, popeza magulu owerengeka mkati amapatsa mamembala awo mwayi wochepa kapena wopanda mwayi wowonjezera." Sanapangidwe kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida cha demokalase.
Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha demokalase cha Liquid chimaperekedwa ndi boma la Germany ku Friesland. Adayamba ntchito ya Liquid Friesland zaka ziwiri zapitazo, ndikuwonetsa Mendulo ya Liquid. Pakadali pano, nzika za 76 ndi oyang'anira zigawo 14 asindikiza zoyesera pa nsanja. Zoyeserera nzika zomwe zimapambana voti ku Liquid Friesland, zimangoyang'anira zigawo koma sizingawakakamize. Komabe, pepala lazomwe zilipo ndizopatsa chidwi: pazoyambitsa nzika za 44, zomwe zidathandizidwa kale ku khonsolo yachigawo, 23 peresenti idalandiridwa, idatenga 20 peresenti m'njira yosinthidwa ndipo 23 peresenti yakanidwa. Ambiri a 20 peresenti anali atachitidwa kale, ndi 14 peresenti oyang'anira zigawo sanali ndi udindo.
Komabe, Friesland sikhala boma lokhalo lokhalo lachi Germany lomwe likulimba mtima kuchitapo kanthu kuti likhale ndi nzika za digito: "Mizinda ina iwiri - Wunstorf ndi Seelze - ndi chigawo china - Rotenburg / Wümme - posachedwa ayambitsa kutenga nawo mbali kwa nzika ndikugwiritsa ntchito LiquidFeedback", kotero Kistner.
Kodi tidzavota kudzera pa demokalase yamadzi mtsogolo?
Mosasamala za mphamvu yolimbikitsira yomwe lingaliro la Liquid Democracy lingagawireko, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kogwiritsika ntchito kumakhalabe kwakukulu kwa otenga nawo gawo, komanso kupanga zisankho pagulu komanso kusankha zochita. Kumbali ina, pakadali mafunso ambiri omwe sanayankhidwe kaamba ka kayendetsedwe ka demokalase. Komabe, anthu ambiri akuwoneka kuti alibe chidwi kwenikweni pankhani yokhala ndale kapena kuvota pa intaneti.
Zovuta zomwe sizinasinthidwe zimaphatikizapo chisankho chobisalira komanso chitetezo chokhudzana ndi chiwopsezo. Kumbali imodzi, bokosi lotetezedwa, lachinsinsi, koma lomveka bwino "liyenera kukhazikitsidwa lomwe lidzaonetsetsa kuti ovota ndi kutsimikizira kuti ali ovomerezeka, pomwe nthawi yomweyo amapanga lingaliro lawo kukhala losadziwika ndikupangitsa kuti njirayi ikhale yomveka. Ngakhale izi nthawi zina zitha kuchitika mwaukadaulo popereka khadi yokhala nzika ndikuyika pulogalamu pogwiritsa ntchito nambala yotsegulira gwero, pali chiyembekezo chosagwedezeka ndikuwononga mwina kungangosungidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito a IT okha. Kuphatikiza apo, voti yachinsinsi ilinso yotsutsana ndikuwonekera kwa demokalase ya Liquid Yokha.Amene akupanga Liquid Feedback pachifukwa ichi 2012 adadzilekanitsa pagulu pakugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yawo mu Pirate Party.
Kuchita zamagetsi
Vuto linanso ndi funso loti zotsatira zovota zamadzimadzi ziyenera kukhala zomangirira kapena malingaliro chabe. M'mbuyomu, akuyenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chodzudzulira kuti akhoza kukondera anthu omwe ali ndi mwayi wambiri pa intaneti ndikukhudzana ndi ndale popanga zisankho, molakwitsa zotsatira za zokambirana za pa intaneti ngati theka laomwe akuyimira. M'malo omaliza, ngati zotsatira za voti sizili zomangika, ufulu wa demokalase wa lingaliro ili umangotayika.
Chomwe chimatsutsidwa chodziwika ndi gawo lochepa lomwe zida za demokalase mwachindunji zimakwaniritsa. Pankhani ya polojekiti yopambana ya Liquid Friesland, kutenga nawo gawo kuli pafupifupi 0,4% ya anthu. Poyerekeza, kutenga nawo mbali pempho kuti afotokozere za Hypo-Alpe Adria chaka chatha anali 1,7 peresenti ndikuti mu referendum "Education Initiative" mu 2011 anali 4,5 peresenti. Komabe, izi sizosadabwitsa, popeza kutenga nawo mbali pandale pa intaneti kulinso gawo latsopano la demokalase yakumadzulo. Komabe, demokalase siyokanidwa ndi anthu ambiri.
"Kukula kwa ubale wokhala nzika ndi boma pamalowo sikungathetse mavuto andale."
A Daniel Roleff, asayansi andale
Malinga ndi kafukufuku wolemba SORA Institute for Social Research and Consulting e-demokalase ndi kutenga nawo gawo pa adakali adakali ana ku Austria. "Zisankho za digito zimawonedwa modzidzimutsa: Akatswiri onse komanso anthu ambiri amatchulapo kuti palibe chofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo," malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Mag. Paul Ringler. Ku Germany, nawonso, kuyesa kwa nzika sikunasinthe. Mchaka cha 2013, Bertelsmann Foundation idafunsa nzika 2.700 ndi zisankho 680 zochokera m'matauni oyenerera kudzera pa mafomu omwe amakonda. Zotsatira zake, 43 peresenti ya nzika zomwe adafufuza adakana kutenga nawo mbali pa intaneti, ndipo ndi 33 peresenti okha omwe adapeza zambiri kuchokera pamenepo. Poyerekeza: 82 peresenti inasankha zisankho zamakonsolo wamba ndipo 5 peresenti yokha ndiwo anawakana. Mapeto a Bertelsmann Foundation: "Ngakhale mbadwo wachichepere ungachite bwino kuno, mitundu yatsopano yolumikizana ndi maukonde idakali ndi mbiri yolakwika motero mpaka pano satha kudzipangitsa okha kukhala chida chodziwikiratu pakuchita nawo demokalase."
Mapeto a kafukufuku wa SORA aponso: Kusintha kwa intaneti sikuti kumalimbikitsa chidwi chazandale mwakufuna kwawo, koma zimapangitsa kuti anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi pandale adziwitsidwe ndikupatsidwa nawo gawo. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufukuyu adagawidwanso ndi wasayansi wazandale ku Germany a Daniel Roleff: "Kukula kwa ubale wokhala nzika ndi boma pamalowo sikungathetse mavuto andale."
Democracy Democracy - Kodi ulendowu ukupita kuti?
Pokana izi, a Peter Parycek, wamkulu wa gulu la E-Democracy ku Danube University Krems, akuwona kuthekera kwakukulu kwa Liquid Democracy mu njira yatsopano yogwirizanirana pakati pa nzika ndi boma. Amanena za polojekiti yotenga nawo mbali pano ya Digital Agenda ya likulu la federoli Vienna. Nzika zapemphedwa kuti zithandizire kukonza njira ya digito ku Vienna. "Chofunika ndichakuti pakhale kukambirana komanso kukambirana zenizeni pakati pa oyang'anira ndi nzika," atero Parycek. "Pulogalamu ya Liquid Democracy imapereka mwayi wolonjeza kuti tisonkhanitse malingaliro ndikupanga njira yotseguka yatsopano," akutero Parycek.
Pofuna kukonzanso chidaliro cha nzika, yandale, akukhulupirira kuti chinthu chimodzi choposa china chilichonse ndichofunikira: kuwonekera kwambiri pakuwongolera maboma andale. "Kupanikizika kwa zipani zandale kuti zikuwonekere kukukulira. Posachedwa adzatsegula, "atero Parycek. M'malo mwake, maphwando andale satha kukana kuwonekera pang'ono komanso demokalase yamkati kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa maziko amipingo yayikulu akuwonekera kale ndipo kufunafuna mgwirizano wowonjezereka kukukulira. Democracy Democracy sitingasinthe mtundu wathu wa demokalase, koma ikuwonetsa njira yomwe kutenga nawo mbali komanso kuwonekera kungagwire ntchito.
Photo / Video: yankho.
