Elisabeth Oberzaucher
"Ngati biology ikanagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira, m'malo mopanda chisinthiko, sikukadakhala moyo padziko lapansi."
Chisinthiko sichinthu chosatha, ngakhale titha kukhala ndi chithunzi chakuti china chake sichikuyenda kwenikweni - makamaka pokhudzana ndi chilengedwe chathu.
Zosintha pamtundu wa majini nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa, njira zomwe zimasinthidwa ndikusankhidwa kumachitika kokha kuchokera ku mibadwo kupita ku mbadwo. Mosiyana ndi izi, njira za epigenetic zingagwire ntchito mwachangu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, zovuta za njala pa thupi la mibadwo yotsatira zawonetsedwa. Gwero lina la kusintha kwachilengedwe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala moyandikana: Chomera cham'mimba ndicho chimayang'anira zinthu zomwe chakudya chathu chimayimbidwa ndipo zimatha kukhala ndi mphamvu pa chamoyo. Kafukufuku wazokhudza zovuta za microflora pa thanzi la munthu, psyche ndi machitidwe ake akadali wakhanda, koma kuwonetsa koyambirira kukuwonetsa zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri.
Chisinthiko & Epigenetics
Mu biology, kusintha ndi bizinesi ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Zinthu zamoyo zikusintha mosinthika, mitundu yatsopano ikusintha pomwe ina ikufa. Ndi mitundu yocheperako yokha yomwe imatsala kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa ndiyodabwitsa kwambiri, imatchedwa kuti zolengedwa zamoyo.
Amaganiziridwa kale kuti chisinthiko chimagwira ntchito pang'ono ngati maphunziro olimbitsa thupi: mukapanga minofu yowonjezera, imakhala yolimba komanso yolimba, ndipo mwanjira imeneyi mkhalidwewu umabadwa kwa mbadwo wotsatira. ndi Lamarcki School Cholowa zomwe zapezeka ndi Chiphunzitso cha Darwin cha chisinthiko lomwe limangowona gwero lokha kusintha ngati gwero la zosintha, ndipo limalola kusintha kosinthika kokha kudzera mukugwirizana kwa kusintha kosintha kumeneku ndi moyo - ndiko kuti, posankha. Mpaka posachedwa, kusintha masinthidwe ndi kusankha zinali njira zokhazo zomwe zimathandizira kusintha kwachilengedwe. Mwa kupezeka kwa epigenetics, komwe kumaphatikizapo kusintha ndi kutulutsa majini, mwa zina mwazinthu chifukwa champhamvu zachilengedwe, lingaliro la a Lamarckian limapeza chitsitsimutso. Kuphatikiza pa zogula zomwe zimapezeka, zamoyo zimasinthidwa ndikuyambitsa ndikuwonjezera zomwe zilipo kale.
Revolution vs. kusanduka
Kuphatikiza pazinthu izi zachilengedwe zokha, zikhalidwe zamakhalidwe ndi zikhalidwe zimathandizanso kwambiri pakusintha mitundu, makamaka kwa iwo omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe komanso zopanga kwambiri. Mitundu yatsopanoyi imakhala yofulumira kwambiri: Ngati kusintha kwa majini kuwonekera m'badwo wotsatira, ndiye kuti ukadaulo umatha kupitilira chaka chimodzi. Kukula kwaukadaulo kukukumana ndi mathamangitsidwe, zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale moyo wamunthu, njira zoyankhulirana kuchokera pa telex kupita pa telephony ya kanema zinasinthika. Koma kodi ndiye kusinthaku?
Kupatula kuphatikiza kwatsopano kwa zinthu, njira yokhazikitsiraukadaulo yathu imakhala ngati chisinthiko, njira yosintha yomwe nthawi zambiri imachita popanda kuwononga komwe kudalipo. Tekinoloje zakale zidzakhalapobe kwakanthawi, ndipo ziziwongoleredwa pang'onopang'ono ndi zatsopano zomwe zimayimira kusintha pamikhalidwe. Chifukwa chake ndikofunika kuti ngakhale maukadaulo apamwamba apamwamba akudziwikiratu, izi sizinathetse mafoni a m'manja mwatsatanetsatane ndipo sizinayende telefoni. Njira zosinthira masinthidwe zimadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana koyamba komwe kumapitilira kapena kutha mosiyana kusintha njira ina. Kusintha, kumbali ina, kumayamba ndi chochita chowonongeka chomwe machitidwe omwe adalipo amathetsedwa. Pamabwinja a chiwonongeko ichi ndiye mumanganso nyumba zatsopano. Ngati biology ikanagwiritsa ntchito njira zosinthira, m'malo mopanda chisinthiko, sikukadakhala kuti pali moyo padziko lapansi.
Munthu waluso
Zochitika zikhalidwe ndi ukadaulo zimawoneka kuti sizimadalira zazidziwitso zokhazokha kuposa kusintha kwachilengedwe. Komabe, mwayi ndi wosiyanasiyana kotero kuti nkosatheka kuneneratu zodalirika komwe ulendowo upita. Zinthu zina zomwe zikuchitika zikuwoneka kuti zikuwonekeranso kutsogoloku: Kusintha kwa zinthu za anthu kudzatha pomwe luso laukadaulo likuphatikiza. Makina olumikizana ndi makina aanthu akukhala kopangika - monga momwe tikuwonera kale kudzera pama touchscreens m'malo mwa ma kiyibodi - ndikuphatikizidwa kwambiri. Chifukwa cha malingaliro amakono, zikuwoneka kuti mwina posachedwa anthu azikhala ndi zofunikira zowongolera zida zawo.
Chisinthiko popanda zizolowezi?
Makamaka pantchito zamankhwala, masomphenya awa ndi olonjeza: Odziyang'anira okha a insulin omwe amatha kuwongolera moyenera amatha kusinthitsa kutulutsa kwa insulin ndi masensa omasulira kotero kuti shuga ikhale matenda olemetsa. Mankhwala opatsirana amalonjeza kuthekera kwatsopano mwa kutulutsa ziwalo zathunthu mu chosindikizira cha 3D. Zachidziwikire, kafukufuku akadali kutali kuti asamasuliridwe kukhala njira zochizira zowoneka bwino, koma masomphenyawo akuwoneka kuti ali otheka. Kufufuza zamtundu wamtundu kumathandizira pakukula kwaubala. Apa mafunso okhudzana amayankhidwa.
Munthu wopangidwa
Pazindikiritso za prenatal, kusanthula kwa ma genetic kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyerekeza mwayi wopulumuka. Pakulowetsa, njira ngati izi zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito posankha zina mwa ana - m'mphepete kwa mwana yemwe adapangidwa ndi ochepa kwambiri apa. Kudziwitsa za chibadwa cha majini kumapangitsa kuti athe kusankha mtundu wa mluza womwe unalowetsedwa - ndizoyenera kuchita?
Pomwe kusankhidwa kwa maimelo kwa ambiri kumatha kugwerabe m'dera laimvi, komwe tanthauzo lake silinafotokozedwe bwino, sayansi yatenga gawo lotsatira, lomwe likuthandizanso kufunikira kwa funso ili: CRISPR ndi njira yatsopano pakupanga ma genetic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kubweretsa kusintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi njira zosavuta. Kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti, kudula koyamba kwa mluza waumunthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya CRISPR Cas9 kunanenedwa. Ofufuzawo adapanga jini yomwe imayambitsa matenda a mtima komanso kufa mwadzidzidzi kwamtima. Popeza mtundu wamtunduwu umakhala wolamulira, onse onyamula amadwala. Chifukwa chake, kuchotsa jini losalongosoka sikumangochepetsa mwayi wodwala koma kumatanthauza kuti m'malo mwa matenda odalirika a munthu ndi theka la ana awo, palibe amene amadwala.
Mipata yayikulu yochepetsera mavuto a anthu, kuphatikiza kuthekera kosavuta, kumabweretsa chidwi chachikulu chatsopano chatsopano. Komabe, mawu akuchenjeza amathanso kumveka: Kodi dongosololi lingayende bwino bwanji? Kodi zilidi choncho kuti zosintha zomwe zimapangidwa ndizomwe zimayambitsa? Kodi njirayi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazolinga zakuda? Pomaliza, funso limadzuka kuti kaya lingathe bwanji ngati chidziwitso chathu chaumunthu sichikutha.
Malire otheka
Zatsopano za sayansi ndi ukadaulo zimatilola kutenga zamtsogolo m'manja mwathu monga kale. Chifukwa cha kuthekera ndi chikhalidwe komanso luso lomwe takwanitsa kusintha dziko mogwirizana ndi zomwe timafuna ndi zosowa zathu, tsopano titha kusintha tsogolo lathu lachilengedwe. Pakuwongolera dziko lapansi momwe tikufunira, anthu sanatamandidwe chifukwa chakuyang'ana kwawo ndi nzeru zake pochita ndi zofunikira. Mwakutero, nkhawa za zomwe asayansi apanga posachedwapa zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera. Kukambirana kwapadziko lonse lapansi pazokhudza kufunika kwamakhalidwe kumadutsa kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa malangizo omwe amawongolera kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje omwe angasinthe kwambiri umunthu. Chogawika ndi gawo lakufunika lomwe liyenera kupitilizidwa kuti lolola kusintha kwa chibadwa. Kodi mungasunge kuti? Kodi malire pakati pa odwala ndi odwala kale ali kuti? Kuti kusintha kumeneku sikumveka bwino, pakati pa zinthu zina, kumawonetsa zokambirana zapachaka zokhuza tanthauzo la matenda amisala. Zomwe zimatanthauzidwa kuti matenda ndizotsatira za mgwirizano, osati chinthu chosasintha. Zotsatira zake, lamulo losavuta loti kusintha kwa majini liyenera kuloledwa pothana ndi matenda sikuthandiza kwenikweni. Kuphatikizika kwa vutoli kumanenedweratu kotero kuti kutsutsana kwathunthu sikungapewereke kuti mupeze yankho labwino.
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