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Kodi andale akhoza kunama?

Lipenga, Kickl, Mikwingwirima: Atsogoleri andale amanama pankhani yoti mipiringidzo imapinda. Zokhudza zovuta komanso kusowa kwa zotsatira za kumvetsetsa kosaletseka kwa andale.

Kodi andale akhoza kunama?

"Kuti andale amanama kapena kuwongola chowonadi sichinthu chatsopano, koma sizinachitikebe mpaka pano."

Wandale wankhanza kwambiri abodza
"Ndidzakuuzaninso zoona, Donald Lipenga pamwambo ku Charlotte, South Carolina, Ogasiti 2016
"Panalibe zachiwawa zazikuluzikulu padziko lapansi ku America pamaso pa Purezidenti Obama." A Rudy Giuliani, mlangizi wazomvera a Donald Trump, anali Meya wa New York pa nthawi ya Seputembara 11, 2001.
"Asayansi masauzande ambiri omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Crimea si asitikali aku Russia," a Vladimir Putin mu Marichi 2014.
"Boma la Iraqi lidakali ndi zida zobisala kwambiri zomwe zidapangidwa." Mawu a George W. Bush kuti adziwitse anthu kuti alande Iraq (Marichi 2003)
"Ngati EU ichoka ku EU, padzakhala ndalama zokwana £ 350m mlungu uliwonse pa thumba la inshuwaransi yazaumoyo."
"Anthu sagwirizana ndi kutentha kwa dziko." Heinz-Christian Strache pokambirana ndi Standard, Disembala 2018

Januari 2019: Heinz Christian Strache anamanga mlandu wa a Rudolf Fußi, yemwe amalumikizana ndi anthu okhala ndi mapiko osanja kwambiri mu positi ya Twitter ya Strache. A Strache akadanenabe pamlandu kuti chithunzi chomwe chimamuwonetsa ndi zodziwika ndi zabodza, pambuyo pake amachotsa izi.
"Mabodza omwe anaphatikizidwa a Heinz-Christian Strache" ndi mndandanda wazowona zabodza za Deputy Chancellor kuyambira mu Ogasiti 2015 pa webusayiti.com.com. Mabodza 165 alipo kale olembedwa, kuphatikiza kusamukasamuka kapena zipolowe zomwe sizinachitike pa demos. Mnzake wa chipani Herbert Kickl amadziwanso njira zopotoza chowonadi. Mukuchitika kwa mbiri ya BAT, nduna ya zamkati inati "kusaka nyumba nthawi zonse kumatsatiridwa ndi lamulo ndipo apolisi amachita molondola." M'malo mwake, chowonadi ndichakuti kufufuzira nyumbayo kunali kosaloledwa.

Kuchotsa ndi kudzipereka

Sichinthu chachilendo kuti andale anganame kapena atenga chowonadi, koma sizinachitikebe mpaka pano. Ndipo wandale sanasiyire pomwepo bodza poyenda dziko la Second Republic. "Mu malamulo aboma, palibe kukakamizidwa kuti andale achoke zabodza zomwe zatsimikiziridwa," akufotokoza motero loya wa malamulo a Bernd Wieser, Atsogoleri Atsogoleri A Institute for Public Law and Science Science ku Yunivesite ya Graz. "Kuchotsa ntchito komwe kungachitike kumangotengera kudzipereka." Malinga ndi Wieser, pali zitsanzo zokwanira zakusiya zomwe sizinachitike m'mbiri ya Austria, koposa onse Bruno Kreisky.
Chancellor Sebastian Kurz satenga chowonadi moyenera kaya: Pokhudzana ndi ma e-kadi, amalankhula za "nkhanza yodabwitsa" mu inshuwaransi yazaumoyo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mtsogolomo padzakhala ma e-kadi okha okhala ndi zithunzi. M'malo mopulumutsa, izi zimabweretsa kutayika kwa ma euro 18 miliyoni malinga ndi kuwerengeka ndi bungwe lalikulu la mabungwe a inshuwaransi. Zowonongeka zomwe Kurz adawononga ma miliyoni 200 sizikwana mpaka 15.000 emauro.
Chancellor imayimiranso ndi chete komanso zabodza pazinthu zina. Kuphatikiza ndikunenedwa kuti a Austrian sangawope kutaya phindu ngati atapeza ndalama zochepa. Chowonadi ndichakuti, mabanja ambiri makamaka amakhudzidwa ndi kuchepa kwa penshoni yochepera.

Nkhani zabodza ndipo disinformation

Atsogoleri andale omenyera ufulu wokhala ndi mapiko monga Heinz Christian Strache kapena a Donald Trump amakonda kutembenuza magome ndi kuwalemba atolankhani ngati abodza. Mu februza 2019, Strache aika chithunzi cha wolemba wa ORF Armin Wolf ndi mawu akuti "Pali malo pomwe mabodza amadziwika. Ndiye ORF. ”Purezidenti wa US Trump akumenya nkhondo ndi zofalitsa ndipo, ndi Fox News, ali ndi sing'anga kumbuyo kwake amene amafalitsa nkhani mu mzimu wake.
Fake News - Purezidenti wa US, a Donald Trump, adalemba mawuwa ngati ena onse. Amadziwa kusiyanitsa ndi zabodza zomwe ali nazo podzudzula pazowonera. Ndipo alipo ambiri a iwo, monga Washington Post idanenera pamwambo wokumbukira kwa zaka 700 wa Purezidenti wa United States mu Disembala 2018: Malinga ndi nyuzipepalayi, zonena za Lipoti la 7.546 zidali zolakwika kapena zosocheretsa nthawi imeneyo.
Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ngati si andale okha, koma othandizira omwe amafalitsa malipoti abodza okhudza mautumiki ngati whatsapp kapena facebook. Gawo lomaliza la kampeni ya zisankho ku 2016 ya US, mwachitsanzo, malipoti abodza 20 opambana kwambiri adagawidwa, anakondedwa ndikupereka ndemanga pafupipafupi kuposa malipoti 20 opambana kwambiri kuchokera media ofala. Atolankhani ambiri anasimba za kukayikira kuti makampani otchuka ku Brazil adafalitsa zolemba zabodza ku whatsapp m'malo mwa Purezidenti Jair Bolsonaro, yemwe adasankhidwa pambuyo pake.

Wandale amadzaza ndi miyambo

M'mawu ake pa tsiku lokumbukira kubadwa kwa Nelson Mandela kwa zaka 100 mu Julayi 2018, Purezidenti wakale wa US Barack Obama anena zakumapeto kwa ndale masiku ano pomvetsetsa zoona: “Andale amakonda kunama nthawi ndi nthawi. Kalelo, adachita manyazi kugwidwa, "adatero Obama. "Tsopano amangonama."
Kwa wolemba ndi wafilosofi Niccolò Machiavelli mabodza, chinyengo ndi chinyengo zinali njira zovomerezeka pamulimbidwe wandale, dziko lamphamvu lidasankha motsutsana ndi ofooka zomwe zinali komanso sizinali zabodza. Munkhani yake "Choonadi ndi Ndale", a Hannah Arendt alemba kuti ndale sizingadziwe zowona. "Ntchito ya munthu wandale sikufotokozera zenizeni, koma kuzisintha." Kudziwa zoona ndi ntchito ya asayansi, asayansi, oweruza komanso atolankhani.
Ndipo, kusinthana pakati pa olamulira kumakhala ndi mwambo: Kale ku Middle Ages, chowonadi chinkakhala chodzaza ndi zikalata zopangira. Mwachitsanzo, zopeka zomwe Duke Rudolf IV adachita m'zaka za m'ma 14 zidapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Habsburgs: mu chikalata cha Privilegium maius, a Habsburgs akuti anali ndi ufulu womwe unakhalapo kwazaka zambiri. Otsutsa mwankhanza monga omwe ali pansi pa National Socialism kapena chikominisi amayika maziko awo pazabodza. Komabe, zinali kokha ndi intaneti komanso kukwera kwa mabungwe azama TV kuti mabodza andale anali ofala. Mu Chingerezi pamakhala mawu andale. Mwachitsanzo: Kwa ovota a FPÖ (komanso ochulukirachulukira a ÖVP) ndizowona kuti umbanda wakula kuyambira pomwe gulu lalikulu lothawa mu 2015 - ngakhale ziwerengero zimapanga chithunzi chosiyana. Andale amatenga izi kusewera pa kiyibodi yamantha.
Kapena: Ngakhale kuti 99 peresenti ya kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kudachitika chifukwa cha anthu, nthawi zonse pamakhala kukayikira. Izi zimachitika nthawi zonse pamene zowopsa zikuwopseza kuwonera kwanu. Chifukwa chake ngati zinali zovuta kukumana ndi zowona, ambiri atha kuthawira m'malingaliro omwe amawathandiza kupondereza. Mwanjira iyi, sizodabwitsa kuti andale omwe amangonama amalandililidwa ndi omwe amawathandizira. Zowona kuti zabodza za a Trumps kapena Strache zimavumbulutsidwa nthawi zonse sizikuvulaza kutchuka kwawo - m'malo mwake.

Kodi andale akhoza kunama?
Kodi andale akhoza kunama?

Mafunso ndi asayansi andale Kathrin Wothira-Hämmerle
Chifukwa chiyani zili bwino kuti andale amanama?
Chitsulo Chotsitsa-Hämmerle: Muyenera kuyamba ndi ufulu wa kufotokoza, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi aliyense. Izi zikutanthauza kuti andale amatha kuchita zonse zomwe nzika zina zimaloledwa kuchita bola sizili zoyenera.
Ndipo chifukwa chiyani maphwando amateteza mamembala abodza?
Chitsulo chosungunula: Zipani ndizosasinthika, zimachita zomwe zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lawo ndikupeza mavoti.
Makhalidwe ali kuti?
Chitsulo chosungunula: Zowonadi, andale ayenera kukhala ndi luntha linalake lakhalidwe komanso mwatsoka, mwatsoka izi sizikhala choncho nthawi zonse.
Kodi ovota amagwira ntchito yanji?
Chitsulo chosungunula: Ochirikiza andale nthawi zambiri amapikisana nawo pazisankho zomwe, ndikamafunsa pang'ono, zitha kudziwika kuti sizingatheke. Pano ovota ayenera kutenga udindo waukulu, kukhala wotsutsa kwambiri komanso kuvutikanso kwambiri kuchita zosayenera.
Kodi mungaphunzitse bwanji ovota kuti achite izi?
Chitsulo chosungunula: Limeneli lingakhale ntchito yamaphunziro andale, koma maphunziro oyambilira amafunitsanso mafunso ovuta.

Photo / Video: Shutterstock.

Wolemba Susanne Wolf

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