ʻO ka pipi ʻoluʻolu

na Martin Auer

ʻAʻole ka bipi, akā ʻo ka mahiʻai ʻoihana ka mea hoʻohaumia i ke aniau, wahi a ka mea lapaʻau ʻo Anita Idel - kekahi o nā mea kākau alakaʻi o ka World Agricultural Report 2008[1] - ma ka puke "On the myth of climate-smart agriculture" i paʻi pū ʻia me ka mea ʻepekema mahiʻai ʻo Andrea Beste[2]. He inoa maikaʻi ʻole ka bipi ma waena o nā mea hoʻoikaika kino no ka belching methane. He ʻino maoli kēia no ke aniau, no ka mea, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka methane (CH4) i ka lewa 25 mau manawa ma mua o CO2. Akā, aia nō i ka pipi kona ʻaoʻao pili i ke aniau.

Noho nui ka pipi ʻoluʻolu ma ka pā. ʻAi ʻo ia i ka mauʻu a me ka mauʻu a ʻaʻohe meaʻai nui. ʻAʻole hānai ʻia ka pipi ʻoluʻolu no ka hana ʻoi loa. Hāʻawi wale ʻo ia i 5.000 lita o ka waiū i ka makahiki ma mua o 10.000 o ka 12.000. No ka mea hiki iā ia ke hana nui me ka mauʻu a me ka mauʻu e like me ka hānai. ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka methane no kēlā me kēia lita o ka waiū e hāʻawi ai ka pipi ʻoluʻolu ma mua o ka pipi hua nui. Akā ʻaʻole hōʻike kēia helu i ka moʻolelo holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole ʻai ka pipi ʻoluʻolu i ka palaoa, ke kulina a me ka soya mai ke kanaka. I kēia lā, ʻo 50 ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka palaoa o ka honua i pau i nā pā hānai o nā bipi, puaʻa a me nā moa. ʻO ia ke kumu kūpono loa e hoʻemi i kā mākou ʻai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo a me nā huahana waiu. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā ululāʻau a ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mauʻu no ka hoʻokipa ʻana i kēia mau mea kanu hānai. ʻO nā "hoʻololi hoʻohana ʻāina" ʻelua he mea pōʻino loa i ke aniau. Inā ʻaʻole mākou e hānai i ka palaoa, hiki i ka ʻāina ke hānai i nā kānaka he nui. A i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me nā ʻano mahiʻai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi, akā maʻalahi. Akā, ʻai ka pipi ʻoluʻolu i ka mauʻu ʻaʻole hiki i ke kanaka ke ʻeli. No laila, pono mākou e noʻonoʻo welches ʻiʻo a me welche ʻO nā huahana dairy pono mākou e hōʻole. Mai ka makahiki 1993 a hiki i ka 2013, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka hapa o ka nui o nā bipi waiu ma North Rhine-Westphalia. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiū o nā bipi i koe ma mua o 20 mau makahiki ma mua. ʻO nā bipi ʻoluʻolu, i hānai ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o kā lākou hana ma mua o ka mauʻu a me ka ʻai, ua hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO nā mea i koe, ʻo ia nā bipi maikaʻi loa, e hilinaʻi ana i ka hānai ʻana mai nā māla i hoʻomoʻa ʻia i ka nitrogen, a ʻo kekahi o ia mau mea e pono ke lawe ʻia mai. ʻO ia ke kumu he mau kumu hou o CO2 i ka wā o ka lawe ʻana.

ʻO nā mea pōmaikaʻi nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mauʻu i ʻāina hoʻoulu ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai holoholona, ​​​​ʻo ia nā ʻoihana e hoʻolako i nā mahiʻai a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā huahana. No laila, ʻo ka ʻoihana kemika me nā hua, mineral a me nā mea kanu nitrogen, pesticides, hānai holoholona, ​​antibiotics, antiparasitics, hormones; ka ʻoihana mīkini mahiʻai, nā ʻoihana paʻa paʻa a me nā hui mahi holoholona; ʻO nā hui lawe kaʻa, nā hui waiu, nā hale pepehi a me nā hui meaʻai. ʻAʻole makemake kēia mau ʻoihana i ka pipi pili i ke aniau. No ka mea hiki ʻole iā lākou ke loaʻa i kekahi mea mai iā ia. No ka mea, ʻaʻole ia i hānai ʻia no ka hana koʻikoʻi, ua lōʻihi ke ola o ka pipi pili i ke aniau, ʻaʻole pinepine ka maʻi ʻana a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻomoʻi piha ʻia i nā lāʻau antibiotic. Ke ulu nei ka hanai a ka pipi pili i ke aniau ma kona wahi a aole pono e lawe ia mai kahi mamao aku. ʻAʻole pono e mahi ʻia ka lepo kahi e ulu ai ka meaʻai me nā mīkini mahiʻai hoʻoheheʻe ikaika. ʻAʻole pono ia i ka nitrogen fertilization a no laila ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokuʻu i ka nitrous oxide. A ʻo ka nitrous oxide (N2O), i hana ʻia i loko o ka lepo ke komo ʻole ʻia ka nitrogen e nā mea kanu, he 300 manawa ʻoi aku ka pōʻino i ke aniau ma mua o CO2. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka nitrous oxide ka mea nui o ka mahiʻai i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau. 

Ua ulu ka mauʻu ma luna o nā miliona mau makahiki me nā pipi a me nā hipa a me nā kao a me ko lākou mau ʻohana: i ka co-evolution. ʻO ia ke kumu e hilinaʻi ai ka ʻāina ʻai i nā holoholona ʻai. Hoʻoikaika ka pipi ʻoluʻolu i ka ulu mauʻu me kāna nahu, kahi hopena a mākou i ʻike ai mai ka ʻoki mauʻu. Aia ka ulu nui ma lalo o ka lepo, ma ka ʻāpana kumu. ʻO nā aʻa a me nā aʻa maikaʻi o nā mauʻu e piʻi i ʻelua a i iwakālua mau manawa o ka biomass ma luna o ka honua. Hāʻawi ka ʻai ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o humus a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kalapona i ka lepo. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ton o humus ka hapalua o ke kalapona, kahi e hoʻomaha ai i ka lewa o 1,8 tons CO2. Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana o kēia pipi no ke aniau ma mua o ka pōʻino ma o ka methane āna e ʻai ai. ʻO ka nui o nā aʻa mauʻu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai. No ka pale ʻana i ka waikahe kēia a ke kūpale i ka maloʻo. A ʻaʻole holoi ʻia ka lepo i aʻa maikaʻi. Ma kēia ala, kōkua ka pipi ʻoluʻolu i ke ea i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka ʻino o ka lepo a mālama i nā mea olaola. ʻOiaʻiʻo wale nō inā mālama ʻia ka ʻai i loko o nā palena hoʻomau. Inā nui nā bipi, ʻaʻole hiki ke ulu koke ka mauʻu a emi ke kumu. Ua uhi ʻia nā mea kanu a ka pipi e ʻai ai i nā microorganisms. A ʻo ka lepo pipi āna i haʻalele ai, ua hoʻonui pū ʻia me ka bacteria. I ka wā o ka evolution, ua ulu ka pilina ma waena o ka honua ma luna a ma lalo o ka honua o ka bacteria. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā kumu e hoʻoikaika nui ai ka ʻili pipi i ka momona o ka lepo. ʻO ka lepo ʻeleʻele momona o Ukraine, ma ka Puszta, ma nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa o Romania, ma nā kahakai haʻahaʻa Kelemania a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe he hopena o nā makahiki he mau tausani o ka hānai ʻana. I kēia lā, loaʻa nā hua kiʻekiʻe ma laila, akā ke hoʻoneʻe nei ka mahiʻai koʻikoʻi i ka ʻike kalapona mai ka lepo ma kahi wikiwiki weliweli. 

He 40 pakeneka o ka ili aina ulu o ka honua he mauu. Ma hope o ka nahele, ʻo ia ka biome nui loa ma ka honua. ʻO kona mau wahi noho mai ka maloʻo loa a i ka pulu loa, mai ka wela loa a i ke anu. Aia nō ka mauʻu ma luna o ka lāʻau e hiki ke ʻai. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā kaiāulu mauʻu i ka wā pōkole no ka mea he moʻomeheu hui pū lākou. He ʻokoʻa nā ʻanoʻano i loko o ka lepo a hiki ke ulu a ulu ma muli o ke kūlana kaiapuni. No laila, kūpaʻa loa nā kaiāulu mauʻu - "resilient" - ʻōnaehana. Hoʻomaka mua ko lākou wā ulu a hoʻopau ma hope o nā lāʻau deciduous. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka biomass ma luna o ka honua ma mua o ka mauʻu. Akā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kalapona i mālama ʻia ma ka lepo ma lalo o ka mauʻu ma mua o nā ʻāina ululāʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Grassland no ka ʻai pipi no ʻelua hapakolu o nā ʻāina mahiʻai āpau a hāʻawi i kahi ola koʻikoʻi no ka hapaʻumi o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua. ʻAʻole i waena o nā hale kūʻai kalapona nui wale nā ​​​​meadows, alpine pastures, steppes a me nā savannas, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i ka waihona meaʻai nui loa no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka protein ma ka honua. No ka mea, ʻaʻole kūpono ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina honua no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi. No ka meaʻai kanaka, hiki ke hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia mau wahi ma ke ʻano he ʻāina hānai. Inā mākou e haʻalele holoʻokoʻa i nā huahana holoholona, ​​​​e nele ana mākou i ka hāʻawi waiwai o ka bipi aloha i ke aniau i ka mālama ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka lepo, i ka mālama ʻana i ke kalapona a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea olaola. 

ʻO ka 1,5 biliona pipi e noho nei i ko mākou honua i kēia lā he nui loa. Akā, ʻehia ka nui o nā bipi ʻoluʻolu i ke aniau? ʻAʻole ʻike mākou i ka pane o kēia nīnau kikoʻī ma kēia haʻawina. He kuhi wale paha. No ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomanaʻo ma kahi o 1900, ʻo ia hoʻi ma mua o ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā mea kanu nitrogen, aia ma kahi o 400 miliona mau pipi i noho ma ka honua.[3]A he mea nui hoʻokahi: ʻAʻole kēlā me kēia bipi e ʻai ana i ka mauʻu i ka ʻoluʻolu i ka ea: 60 pakeneka o nā mauʻu i haʻahaʻa ʻia a ʻoi loa ka ʻai ʻia a hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka luku ʻana i ka lepo.[4] Pono nō hoʻi ka hoʻokele akamai a me ka hoʻomau no ka pastoralism. 

Ua loaʻa ka ʻōlelo he mea nui nā lāʻau no ka pale ʻana i ke aniau. ʻO ia ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia ka nānā pono ʻana i ka kaiaola mauʻu.

Kiʻi uhi: Nuria Lechner
ʻIke ʻia: Hanna Faist

[1]    https://www.unep.org/resources/report/agriculture-crossroads-global-report-0

[2]    Idel, Anita; Beste, Andrea (2018): Mai ka moʻolelo moʻolelo o ka mahiʻai ʻano akamai. no ke aha ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka liʻiliʻi o ka hewa. Wiesbaden: ʻO ka Greens European Free Alliance ma ka Pāremata ʻEulopa.

[3]    https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/livestock-counts

[4]    Piipponen J, Jalava M, de Leeuw J, Rizayeva A, Godde C, Cramer G, Herrero M, & Kummu M (2022). Nā ʻano o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka hiki ke halihali i ka mauʻu a me ka nui o nā holoholona. Global Change Biology, 28, 3902-3919. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16174