Helmut Melzer
ʻO nā hōʻino kālaiʻāina, hoʻohuli i ka hoʻokolokolo, nā pāpāho kuleana ʻole, mālama ʻole ʻia i ka hoʻomau ʻana - he lōʻihi ka papa inoa o nā namunamu. A alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hoʻomau ʻana e poho i ka hilinaʻi i nā ʻoihana kākoʻo mokuʻāina.
ʻIke paha ʻoe i ke kumu o ka hilinaʻi i ke kaʻa kaʻa? Kūpono, ʻōlelo ʻia hiki iā ʻoe ke hilinaʻi i ka hana pololei a nā mea hoʻohana alanui ʻē aʻe. Akā pehea inā ʻo kekahi o nā ʻoihana pono nui Gesellschaft hiki ʻole ke hilinaʻi hou ʻia?
ʻO ka pilikia o ka hilinaʻi ma mua o Corona
Hōʻike ka hilinaʻi i ka manaʻo paʻa o ka pololei, ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā hana, nā ʻike a me nā ʻōlelo a i ʻole ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka poʻe. I kekahi manawa ʻaʻohe mea e hana me ka hilinaʻi ʻole.
Hōʻike ka maʻi ahulau corona: ʻAʻole wale ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o Austrian ma ke kumuhana o ka hoʻōla corona no kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai ma mua o ka nui o ka polarization ma nā nīnau o ka politika. ʻEono mau makahiki i hala aku nei, 16 wale nō ka pākēneka o nā kamaʻāina EU (ʻAukekulia: 26, ana o ke Komisina EU) i hilinaʻi nui i nā ʻaoʻao politika. ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi hilinaʻi APA a me OGM ma 2021 i kēia manawa i kona wahi haʻahaʻa i ka pilikia o ka hilinaʻi: Ma waena o nā polikika hilinaʻi loa, aia ʻo Pelekikena Pelekikena Alexander Van der Bellen ma ka piko me kahi 43 mauwaliwali nāwaliwali, ukali ʻia e Kurz (20 pākēneka) a ʻO Alma Zadic (16 pakeneka). Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi ʻole o nā mea heluhelu o Option e pili ana i nā ʻoihana kūloko i ka hilinaʻi nui ʻole o nā luna politika i ka nui (86 pakeneka), ke aupuni (71 pākēneka), ka pāpāho (77 pākēneka) a me ka ʻoihana (79 pākēneka). Akā pono e mālama ʻia me nā akahele me ke akahele, keu hoʻi i nā manawa o Corona.
ʻO ka hauʻoli a me ka holomua
Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā mea i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, e like me Denmark: Ma mua o hoʻokahi o ʻelua (55,7 pākēneka) hilinaʻi i kā lākou aupuni. No kekahi mau makahiki he nui ka poʻe Denemaka ma ka piko o ka UN's World Happiness Report a me ka Papa Kuhikuhi Holomua Kaiaulu. No ke aha i wehewehe ai ʻo Christian Bjornskov mai ke Kulanui ʻo Aarhus: "ʻO Denmark a me Norewai nā ʻāina kahi i hilinaʻi nui ai ka poʻe i kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe." ʻO ke koena o ka honua he 70 wale nō pakeneka.
Aia paha he mau kumu nui ʻelua no kēia: ʻo ka "Code Code of Jante" e hoʻokani maoli i kahi kuleana, kahi e kāhea ai i ke akahai a me ke kaohi e like me ka maxim. Ke ʻōlelo nei hiki iā ʻoe ke hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a i ʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻohilahila ʻia o kekahi ma Denmark. A ʻo ka lua, wehewehe ʻo Bjornskov: "ʻO ka hilinaʻi kahi mea āu e aʻo ai mai ka wā hānau mai, kahi moʻomeheu moʻomeheu." Hoʻomaopopo pono ʻia nā kānāwai a ukali ʻia, hana maikaʻi a hoʻomākala ka hoʻomalu, kākaʻikahi ka palaho. Ua manaʻo ʻia ke hana pololei nei kēlā me kēia.
Mai kahi manaʻo Austrian o kahi paradaiso, me he mea lā. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻoe e manaʻoʻiʻo i nā papa kuhikuhi i ʻōlelo ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole hana maikaʻi ʻo ʻAmelika i ka awelika - ʻoiai ʻo nā kumuwaiwai kumu i kekahi mau makahiki i hala. ʻO mākou he poʻe alpine piha i ka hilinaʻi ʻole?
Ke kuleana o ka nohona kanaka
"Noho mākou i kahi manawa ke hilinaʻi ka waiwai nui o nā kālā āpau. Ua hilinaʻi mau ʻia ka nohona kīwila ma mua o nā aupuni, nā ʻelele ʻoihana a me ka pāpāho, "i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo Ingrid Srinath, ke Kakauolelo Nui o ka Global Alliance for Civic komo HUAWAI. Ke mālama nui nei nā hui o ka honua i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua kākau ʻo World Economic Forum i kāna hōʻike e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke kaiāulu kīwila: […] ʻAʻole pono e ʻike hou ʻia ke kaiāulu kūloko ma ke ʻano he "ʻāpana ʻekolu", akā ma ke ʻano he kāpili e paʻa pū ana i nā ʻāpana lehulehu a pilikino ".
I kāna ʻōlelo paipai, ua hoʻomaopopo ke Kōmike o nā Kuhina o ka ʻAha Kūkā o ʻEulopa "i ka waiwai nui o nā hui aupuni ʻole i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu a me nā pono kīvila kanaka, ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka ʻike ākea, ke komo ʻana i ke ola lehulehu a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka transparency a me ke kuleana i waena o nā luna ". Ua hōʻike pū ka pūʻulu aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo kiʻekiʻe ʻEulopa BEPA i ke kuleana nui i ke komo ʻana o ka hui kaiāulu no ka wā e hiki mai ana o ʻEulopa: I kēia lā e pili ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā kamaʻāina i ke kuleana e kōkua i ke ʻano o nā hoʻoholo a EU, e hāʻawi iā lākou i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻopaʻa i ka politika a me ka mokuʻāina, "wahi a kahi hōʻike e pili ana i ke kuleana o ka nohona kanaka.
Mea mālamalama
Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau kaʻina i ka transparency i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Ua lōʻihi mākou e noho nei i kahi honua kahi huna ʻole o kekahi mea. ʻO ka nīnau e koe ana, eia naʻe, inā paha e hana ka transparency i ka hilinaʻi. Aia kekahi mau hōʻailona e hoʻāla kēia i ka hilinaʻi ʻole. Ua wehewehe ʻo Toby Mendel, ka Luna Hoʻokele o ka Center for Law and Democracy i kēia penei: Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole kau ʻia ke kānāwai maikaʻi (transparency) i kahi moʻomeheu politika poloka a me ka hana ".
Ua loihi ka manawa o ka poʻe kālaiʻāina i hana: ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻaʻohe mea e mahi ʻia hou aʻe, hoʻoholo ʻia nā politika ma waho o nā kino politika (aniani).
I mea loaʻa i kēia manawa leo lehulehu e olelo aku o ka adverse hopena o ka mäliko mantras. Pili aupuni nä känaka 'epekema Ivan Krastev, paʻa mau hoa ma ka Institute no ka hōʻike' Sciences (IMF) ma Vienna i'ōlelo o ka "mäliko Mania" a me cautions: "People e ua auanei me ka 'ike o ka ai mea e haʻalele ia mau mea i loko o ka naʻaupō." He i ike i ka pilikia i "hana i ka lehulehu hoopaapaa, keia huikau wale i ke kokuaia mai e nui puke o ka 'ike a me ka hoʻololi ai i ke kākauʻana, mai ka pono mākaukau o ka makaainana i ko lākou akamai i loko o kekahi a me kekahi kulekele wahi."
Mai ka hoʻomakaʻana o ke alakaʻi kuʻāina e Byung-Chul Han, ʻaʻole hiki ke launa ʻia ka ʻokoʻa a me ka hilinaʻi, no ka mea, "hiki wale paha ka hilinaʻi i kahi kūlana ma waena o ka ʻike a me ka ʻike ʻole. ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻo ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka pilina maikaʻi me kekahi me ka ʻike ʻole o kekahi. [...] Ma kahi e kū ai ke aniani, ʻaʻohe wahi e hilinaʻi ai. Ma kahi o ka 'transparency e hoʻokumu ai i ka hilinaʻi', ʻo ia nō ke ʻano maoli: 'ʻO ka Transparency e hoʻokumu i ka hilinaʻi' ".
ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻole ma ke ʻano o ke aupuni democracy
No Vladimir Gligorov, ʻatikala a me ka ʻekekema i ka Wina Institute for International Economic Studies (wiiw), nā democracy i hoʻokumu pono ʻia ma ka mistrust: "ʻO nā ʻatikala a i ʻole aristocracies i hilinaʻi ʻia i loko o ka hilinaʻi - ma ka waiwai kūwaho o ke aliʻi, a i ʻole i nā kūlana hanohano o nā aliʻi aristocrats." Eia naʻe, ua hewa ka ʻōlelo mōʻaukala. A ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana o nā aupuni i koho ʻia i koho ʻia, ka mea a mākou e kapa nei i ka lehulehu. "
Malia paha i kēia pōʻaiapili e hoʻomanaʻo paha kekahi i kahi kumumanaʻo maʻamau o kā mākou demokrasia: ʻo ia o nā "hōʻoia a me nā kaulike". ʻO ka kaohi like ʻana o nā lālā kumukānāwai o ka mokuʻāina ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, a vis-a-vis nā kamaʻāina i ko lākou aupuni ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe - e laʻa me ka hiki ke koho iā lākou. Me ka ʻole o kēia kumuhana kemokalaka, ka mea i hele i ke ala kahiko mai ka Enlightenment i nā Kumukanawai Komohana, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mana ke hana. No laila ʻaʻohe hilinaʻi nui i ka demokrasi, akā he sila o ka maikaʻi. Akā makemake nō hoʻi ke aupuni a ka lehulehu. A pono ka hopena o ka hilinaʻi ʻole.
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