ʻO ka Lucas Plan: nā makani makani a me nā paila wela ma kahi o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua S4F AT

na Martin Auer

Ma kahi kokoke i 50 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻolālā nā limahana o ka hui Pelekane ʻo Lucas Aerospace i kahi hoʻolālā kikoʻī no ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hana pūʻali koa i nā huahana e pili ana i ke aniau, pili kaiapuni a me nā huahana kanaka. Ua koi lākou i ke kuleana i ka "hana pili kaiaulu". Hōʻike ka laʻana e hiki i ka neʻe ʻana o ke aniau ke hoʻokokoke pono i nā limahana ma nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi.

Hoʻopuka ko mākou kaiāulu i nā huahana he nui e pōʻino i ke kaiapuni a no laila i nā kānaka. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ʻo nā ʻenekini puhi ahi, nā huahana plastik a i ʻole nā ​​mea kemika i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā mea hoʻonaninani. Hana ʻia nā huahana ʻē aʻe ma nā ala e pōʻino ai ke kaiapuni, ma ka hoʻohana mua ʻana i ka ikehu mai nā wahie mōʻalihaku e hana ai, a i ʻole ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka mahuka, ka ʻōpala a i ʻole ka ʻōpala paʻa i loko o ke kaiapuni. Hana ʻia kekahi mau huahana, e noʻonoʻo wale i ke ʻano wikiwiki a me nā huahana hoʻolei ʻē aʻe a me kēlā mau huahana a pau mai ka laptops a hiki i nā sneakers hiki ke lōʻihi loa inā ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻolālā ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana e lilo koke a ʻokiʻoki paha (ʻo ia kapa ʻia ʻo planned obsolescence). A i ʻole e noʻonoʻo i nā huahana mahiʻai e hōʻino i ke kaiapuni ke hana ʻia a pōʻino i ke olakino ke ʻai ʻia (nui loa), e like me ka nui o nā huahana ʻiʻo mai ka hale hana mahiʻai a i ʻole nā ​​huahana o ka ʻoihana paka.

Akā, pili nā hana i kēia mau huahana a pau. A ʻo ka loaʻa kālā o nā poʻe he nui ma luna o kēia mau hana a ma luna o kēia loaʻa kālā ko lākou pono a me ko lākou ʻohana.

Nui nā limahana e makemake e ʻōlelo hou aʻe i mea e hoʻonui ai i kā lākou ʻoihana i ke kaiapuni a me ka pilikanaka

He nui ka poʻe i ʻike i ka pōʻino o ka pōʻino o ke aniau a me ka luku ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ua ʻike pū kekahi ʻaʻole ʻo kā lākou hana ʻo ia ka ʻoi loa o ka ea a me ke kaiapuni. Wahi a kahi noiʻi hou o nā limahana 2.000 ma US a e like me ka nui ma UK, ʻelua hapakolu o ka poʻe i noiʻi ʻia e manaʻo nei ʻo ka ʻoihana a lākou e hana nei "ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia kaiapuni a me ka pilikanaka". ʻO 45% (UK) a me 39% (US) manaʻoʻiʻo ʻaʻole i manaʻo nā luna kiʻekiʻe i kēia mau hopohopo a i waho wale nō no kā lākou waiwai ponoʻī. ʻO ka hapa nui e makemake e hana i kahi ʻoihana e "hana maikaʻi i ka honua" a ma kahi o ka hapalua e noʻonoʻo e hoʻololi i nā hana inā ʻaʻole kūlike nā waiwai o ka hui me kā lākou mau waiwai ponoʻī. ʻO ka poʻe ma lalo o 40, kokoke i ka hapalua e hāʻawi i ka loaʻa kālā e hana pēlā, a makemake ʻelua hapakolu e loaʻa ka mana hou aʻe e ʻike i kā lākou ʻoihana e "hoʻololi no ka maikaʻi"1.

Pehea ʻoe e mālama ai i nā hana i ka wā pilikia?

Hāʻawi ka "Lucas Plan" kaulana i kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka hiki i nā limahana ke hoʻāʻo e hoʻokō i kā lākou mana ma kahi ala paʻa.

I ka makahiki 1970, ua pilikia ka ʻoihana Pelekane. Ma ke ʻano o ka huahana a no laila ka hoʻokūkū, ua hāʻule ma hope o nā lāhui ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Ua pane nā ʻoihana me nā hana hoʻoponopono, nā hui hui a me nā hoʻopiʻi nui.2 Ua ʻike pū ka poʻe limahana o ka hui mea kaua ʻo Lucas Aerospace iā lākou iho i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka nalu nui o nā layoffs. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, pili kēia i ka pilikia nui ma kaʻoihana a, ma kekahiʻaoʻao, i ka manaʻo o ke aupuni Labour i kēlā manawa e hoʻolālā i ka hoʻolimalimaʻana i nā mea kaua. Ua hana ʻo Lucas Aerospace i nā ʻāpana no nā hui mokulele mokulele nui ma UK. Ua hana ka hui i ka hapalua o kāna kūʻai ʻana ma ka ʻoihana koa. Mai 1970 a 1975, ua ʻoki ʻo Lucas Aerospace i 5.000 o nā hana 18.000 mua, a ua ʻike nā limahana he nui iā lākou iho mai ka hana i ka pō.3

Hui pū nā kahu kūʻai

I ke alo o ka pilikia, ua hoʻonohonoho nā kahu hale kūʻai o nā kahua hana 13 i kahi Kōmike Hui. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "nā kahu kūʻai" hiki ke unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he "ʻaha kūkā hana". ʻAʻohe palekana o nā mea kūʻai hale kūʻai Pelekania mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana a ʻaʻohe kuleana i hoʻokumu ʻia e loaʻa kahi ʻōlelo i ka hui. Ua koho pololei ʻia lākou e ko lākou mau hoa a ua kuleana pololei iā lākou. Hiki iā lākou ke koho balota i kēlā me kēia manawa me ka hapa nui. Ua pani lākou i ko lākou mau hoa hana i ka hoʻokele a me nā uniona. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kahu hale kūʻai e nā kuhikuhi a nā uniona, akā ua hōʻike lākou iā lākou i ko lākou mau hoa hana a hōʻiliʻili i nā uku lālā, no ka laʻana.4

ʻO ka mea ʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka Lucas Combine, ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻuluʻulu i nā puʻukū hale kūʻai o nā limahana akamai a me nā limahana akamai ʻole, a me nā puʻukū hale kūʻai o nā mea kūkulu hale a me nā mea hoʻolālā, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā hui like ʻole.

Ma kāna papahana koho ma mua o ka makahiki 1974, ua hoʻokumu ka Party Labor i ka pahuhopu e hōʻemi i ka hoʻolilo ʻana i nā mea kaua. Ua hoʻokipa ʻo Lucas Combine i kēia pahuhopu, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā papahana Lucas Aerospace. Ua hoʻoikaika wale nā ​​manaʻo o ke aupuni i ka makemake o nā limahana Lucas e hana i nā huahana kīwila. I ka hoʻi ʻana o Labour i ke aupuni i Pepeluali 1974, ua hoʻonui ka Combine i kāna hana a hoʻopaʻa i kahi hālāwai me ke Kakauolelo ʻOihana ʻo Tony Benn, ka mea i mahalo nui ʻia i kā lākou hoʻopaʻapaʻa. Eia naʻe, ua makemake ka Labour Party e hoʻonui i ka ʻoihana mokulele. Ua kānalua nā limahana o Lucas i kēia. ʻAʻole pono ka moku'āina i ka mana o ka hana, akā ʻo nā limahana ponoʻī.5

Inventory o ka ʻike, nā mākau a me nā pono i loko o ka hui

ʻO kekahi o nā mea mālama hale kūʻai ʻo Mike Cooley (1934-2020). Ma kāna puke Architect or Bee? ʻO ke kumu kūʻai kanaka o ka ʻenehana," wahi āna, "Ua kākau mākou i kahi leka e wehewehe ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka poʻe hana ma o ka makahiki a me ka hoʻonohonoho mākaukau, nā mea mīkini, nā lako a me nā hale hana i loaʻa iā mākou, me nā limahana ʻepekema a me kā lākou hiki ke hoʻolālā. Ua hoʻouna ʻia ka leka i nā luna alakaʻi 180, nā ʻoihana, nā kulanui, nā uniona a me nā hui ʻē aʻe i ʻōlelo mua i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana, e nīnau ana: i ka pono o ka lehulehu?”. ʻEhā wale nō o lākou i pane mai.6

Pono mākou e nīnau i nā limahana

"A laila ua hana mākou i ka mea e pono ai mākou e hana mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana: ua nīnau mākou i kā mākou limahana i nā mea a lākou i manaʻo ai e hana ai lākou." I ka hana ʻana, pono nā mea pane e noʻonoʻo ʻaʻole wale i kā lākou kuleana ma ke ʻano he mea hana akā he mea kūʻai pū kekahi. Ua lawe ʻia ka manaʻo o ka papahana i nā kahua hana pākahi e nā kahu hale kūʻai a hōʻike ʻia i ka poʻe limahana ma nā "aʻo-in" a me nā hālāwai lehulehu.

I loko o ʻehā pule, 150 mau manaʻo i waiho ʻia e nā limahana Lucas. Ua nānā ʻia kēia mau manaʻo a ua loaʻa kekahi i nā hoʻolālā kūkulu paʻa, nā kumukūʻai a me nā helu kālā a me kekahi mau prototypes. I Ianuali 1976, ua hōʻike ʻia ka Lucas Plan i ka lehulehu. Ua wehewehe ʻo The Financial Times ʻo ia kekahi o nā "hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i hoʻolālā ʻia e nā limahana no kā lākou hui."7

ʻO ka papahana

Aia i loko o ka papahana nā puke ʻeono, ʻo kēlā me kēia ma kahi o 200 ʻaoʻao. Ua ʻimi ka Lucas Combine i kahi hui o nā huahana: nā huahana hiki ke hana ʻia i ka manawa pōkole loa a me nā mea e pono ai ka hoʻomohala lōʻihi. ʻO nā huahana i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma Global North (a laila: "metropolis") a me nā mea e kūpono i nā pono o ka Global South (a laila: "honua ʻekolu"). A ʻo ka mea hope loa, pono e hui pū ʻia nā huahana e loaʻa ka waiwai e like me nā pae hoʻohālike o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka mākeke a me nā mea ʻaʻole pono e loaʻa ka pōmaikaʻi nui i ka lehulehu.8

Nā huahana lapaʻau

ʻOiai ma mua o ka hoʻolālā Lucas, ua hoʻomohala nā limahana o Lucas i ka "Hobcart" no nā keiki me ka spina bifida, kahi kīnā o ke kuamoʻo. ʻO ka manaʻo, ʻo ka noho huila ka mea e kū ai nā keiki mai nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hobcart, i like me ka go-cart, i manaʻo ʻia e ʻae iā lākou e pāʻani ma kahi pae like me kā lākou mau hoa. Ua makemake ka ʻAhahui Spina Bifida o Australia e kauoha i 2.000 o kēia mau mea, akā hōʻole ʻo Lucas e hoʻokō i ka huahana. Ua maʻalahi ka hana ʻana o ka Hobcart a hiki ke hana ʻia e nā ʻōpio i loko o kahi hale paʻahao ʻōpio, me ka pōmaikaʻi hou o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻike no ka hana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻōpio hōʻino.9

ʻO nā manaʻo manaʻo ʻē aʻe no nā huahana lapaʻau: he ʻōnaehana kākoʻo ola hiki ke lawe ʻia no ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i ka manawa a hiki i ka haukapila, a i ʻole kahi mīkini dialysis home no ka poʻe me ka maʻi ʻaʻai. hiki iā lākou ke kipa i ke keʻena kino i nā manawa he nui i ka pule. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻolako nui ʻia ʻo Great Britain me nā mīkini dialysis, e like me Cooley, 3.000 mau kānaka i make i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma muli o ia. Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Birmingham, ua kākau ʻo ia, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa kahi i kahi keʻena dialysis inā ʻoe ma lalo o 15 a ʻoi aku paha 45.10 Ua hana ʻo Lucas i nā mīkini dialysis halemai i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa i loaʻa ma Beretania.11 Ua makemake ʻo Lucas e kūʻai aku i ka hui i kahi hui Swiss, akā ua pale ka poʻe limahana i kēia ma ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana e hele i ke kuʻekuʻe a i ka manawa like me ke kāhea ʻana i kekahi mau pāremata. Ua kāhea ʻo Lucas Plan i kahi hoʻonui 40% o ka hana mīkini dialysis. "Manaʻo mākou he mea hōʻino ka make ʻana o ka poʻe no ka mea ʻaʻohe o lākou mīkini dialysis i kā lākou hana, aʻo ka poʻe i hiki ke hana i nā mīkini ke pilikia i ka nele i ka hana."12

I ka hiki ke hoʻonui

ʻO kahi hui huahana nui e pili ana i nā ʻōnaehana no ka ikehu hou. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻike aerodynamic mai ka hana ʻana i nā mokulele no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā turbine makani. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā panela lā a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia i loko o kahi hale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e ka mea hoʻolālā ʻo Clive Latimer. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia hale e kūkulu ʻia e ka poʻe nona iho me ke kākoʻo o nā limahana akamai.13 Ma kahi papahana hui pū me Milton Keynes Council, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā pauma wela a ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā prototypes ma kekahi o nā hale o ka ʻaha kūkā. Ua hoʻohana pololei ʻia nā paila wela me ke kinoea kūlohelohe ma mua o ka uila i hana ʻia e ke kinoea maoli, a ua hopena i kahi koena ikehu maikaʻi loa.14

ka hoʻoneʻe

Ma kahi o ka neʻe ʻana, ua hoʻomohala nā limahana ʻo Lucas i kahi ʻenekini ʻaila-eleka. ʻO ke kumu (ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻomohala ʻia e Ferdinand Porsche i ka makahiki 1902): kahi ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe liʻiliʻi e holo ana i ka wikiwiki maikaʻi loa e hāʻawi i ka uila me ka uila. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wahie ma mua o ka ʻenekini puhi ahi a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā pilahi ma mua o ke kaʻa uila. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi prototype a hoʻāʻo maikaʻi ʻia ma Queen Mary College, Lākana, he hapahā o ke kenekulia ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o Toyota i ka Prius.15

ʻO kekahi papahana he kaʻa kaʻa i hiki ke hoʻohana i ka ʻoihana kaʻaahi a me ka ʻoihana alanui. ʻO nā huila wili i hiki iā ia ke piʻi i nā gradient ʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka locomotive me nā huila kila. Pono kēia e hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ala kaʻaahi i ka ʻāina ma mua o ka ʻoki ʻana i nā puʻu a me ka pale ʻana i nā awāwa me nā alahaka. E ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alahao hou ma Global South. ʻO nā huila alakaʻi kila liʻiliʻi wale nō i mālama i ke kaʻa ma ke ala. Hiki ke hoʻihoʻi ʻia kēia mau mea ke hoʻololi ke kaʻa mai ke kaʻaahi a i ke alanui. Ua hoʻāʻo maikaʻi ʻia kahi prototype ma ka East Kent Railway.16

Loaʻa ka ʻike hāmau

ʻO kekahi mea i manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ia nā mea "telechiric", ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hoʻokele mamao e hoʻoneʻe i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lima kanaka i nā grippers. No ka laʻana, pono lākou e hoʻohana no ka hana hoʻoponopono i lalo o ka wai e hōʻemi i ka pilikia o nā ulia pōpilikia no nā limahana. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi lopako multifunctional no kēia hana ua ʻike ʻia he aneane hiki ʻole ke hiki. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ke poʻo hexagonal screw, ke koho ʻana i ka wīwī kūpono a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikaika kūpono e pono ai ka nui o ka papahana. Akā, hiki i kahi kanaka hana akamai ke hana i kēia hana "me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole." Ua kapa ʻo Cooley i kēia "ʻike tacit." Ua hopohopo pū ka poʻe i komo i ka Lucas Plan i ka mālama ʻana i kēia ʻike empirical mai nā limahana ma mua o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana iā ia ma o ka helu helu.17

Nā huahana no ka Global South

ʻO ka papahana no ka mīkini mana holoʻokoʻa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Global South he ʻano maʻamau o ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o nā limahana Lucas. "I kēia manawa, ʻo kā mākou kālepa me kēia mau ʻāina he neo-colonial maoli," i kākau ai ʻo Cooley. "Hoʻoikaika mākou e hoʻolauna i nā ʻano ʻenehana e hilinaʻi ai iā mākou." Pono e hiki i ka mīkini mana holoʻokoʻa ke hoʻohana i nā wahie like ʻole, mai ka lāʻau a hiki i ke kinoea methane. Pono e hoʻolako ʻia me kahi pahu pahu kūikawā e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻopuka ʻana: ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe hiki iā ia ke hoʻokele i ka mīkini hana no nā kukui pō, ma ka wikiwiki haʻahaʻa hiki iā ia ke hoʻokele i kahi compressor no nā mea pneumatic a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe, a ma ka wikiwiki haʻahaʻa hiki iā ia. e hoʻokele i ka paila no ka hoʻoinu ʻana . Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻāpana no ke ola lawelawe o 20 mau makahiki, a ua manaʻo ʻia ka manual e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke hoʻokō iā lākou iho.18

He aha ka mea e pono ai ka pilikanaka?

ʻAʻole i hāʻawi mai nā limahana Lucas i kahi wehewehe hoʻonaʻauao o "ka hana pili kaiaulu," akā ʻokoʻa ko lākou mau manaʻo mai ko ka hoʻokele. Ua kākau ʻo Management "ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻae i ka [sic] mokulele, civila a me ka pūʻali koa, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mokulele kīwila no ka ʻoihana a me ka leʻaleʻa, a pono e mālama i nā mokulele koa no nā kumu pale. (…) Ke koi nei mākou he mea pono nā huahana Lucas Aerospace āpau.19

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo a nā limahana Lucas, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ia hoʻi: "ʻAʻole poma a ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻopaʻa inoa, e hoʻohuli wale!"20

Ua puka mai kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi o nā huahana pili kaiaulu:

• Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano, ka hana a me ka hopena o nā huahana.
• Pono lākou e hoʻoponopono, e like me ka maʻalahi a me ka ikaika e like me ka hiki a hoʻolālā ʻia no ka lōʻihi.
• ʻO ka hana ʻana, hoʻohana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana pono e mālama i ka ikehu, mālama waiwai a hoʻomau i ka ecologically.
• Pono ka hana e hoʻoikaika i ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā kānaka ma ke ʻano he mea hana a me nā mea kūʻai aku, a me ka hui pū ʻana ma waena o nā lāhui a me nā mokuʻāina.
• Pono nā huahana e kōkua i nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā poʻe hemahema.
• Pono nā huahana no ka "Kolu Honua" (ka Honua Hema) e hiki ai i nā pilina like.
• Pono e helu ʻia nā huahana no kā lākou waiwai hoʻohana ma mua o kā lākou waiwai hoʻololi.
• I ka hana ʻana, hoʻohana a hoʻoponopono ʻana, ʻaʻole pono e uku wale ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka hana maikaʻi loa, akā i ka mālama ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mākau a me ka ʻike.

Hōʻole ka hoʻokele

Ua hāʻule ka hoʻolālā Lucas ma kekahi ʻaoʻao ma muli o ke kūʻē ʻana mai ka hoʻokele ʻoihana a me kā lākou hōʻole ʻana e ʻike i ke Kōmike Hui ma ke ʻano he hoa kūkākūkā. Ua hōʻole ka hoʻokele ʻoihana i ka hana ʻana i nā paila wela no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i loaʻa ka waiwai. ʻO ia ka manawa i ʻike ai nā limahana ʻo Lucas ua kauoha ka hui i kahi hui kūkākūkā ʻAmelika e hana i kahi hōʻike, a ua ʻōlelo kēlā hōʻike i ka mākeke no nā pauma wela i ka manawa o ka European Union he £1980 biliona ma ka hopena o XNUMXs. "No laila ua makemake ʻo Lucas e haʻalele i kēlā mākeke e hōʻike wale iā Lucas, a ʻo Lucas wale nō ka mana e hoʻoholo ai i ka mea i hana ʻia, pehea i hana ʻia ai, a nona nā pono i hana ʻia ai."21

Ua hui pū ʻia ke kākoʻo ʻo Union

Ua hui pū ʻia ke kākoʻo uniona UK no ka Combine. Ua kākoʻo ka Hui Hana Hana (TGWU) i ka papahana. I ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻoki i manaʻo ʻia i ka hoʻolimalima pale, ua koi ʻo ia i nā kahu kūʻai ma nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e lawe i nā manaʻo o ka hoʻolālā Lucas. ʻOiai ʻo ka hui nui loa, ʻo ka Trade Union Congress (TUC), i hōʻailona mua i ke kākoʻo, ua manaʻo nā uniona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe ua haʻalele ka Combine i ko lākou kuleana e hōʻike. ʻAʻole i kūpono ka hui ʻokoʻa e like me ka Combine i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana o nā uniona e ka mahele a me ka ʻāpana ʻāina. ʻO ka pilikia nui i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka manaʻo o ka Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions (CSEU), ka mea i koi i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pilina āpau ma waena o nā unionists a me nā luna aupuni. Ua ʻike ka Confederation i kāna hana i ka mālama ʻana i nā hana, me ka nānā ʻole i nā huahana.

He mau pono ʻē aʻe ko ke aupuni

Ua ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o ke aupuni Labour i ke alakaʻi ʻana o Beretania i ka ʻoihana mea kaua ma mua o ka hana ʻokoʻa. Ma hope o ka hoʻokahuli ʻia ʻana o Labour a ua lawe ka mana o Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Party, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻolālā.22

ʻO ka hoʻoilina o ka papahana Lucas

Eia nō naʻe, ua haʻalele ka Lucas Plan i kahi hoʻoilina e kamaʻilio mau nei i ka maluhia, ka nohona a me nā neʻe hana i kēia mau lā. Ua hoʻoikaika ka hoʻolālā i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Center for Alternative Industrial and Technological Systems (CAITS) ma Northeast London Polytechnic (i kēia manawa ke Kulanui o North East London) a me ka Unit for the Development of Alternative Products (UDAP) ma Coventry Polytechnic. Ua loaʻa iā Mike Cooley, kekahi o nā mea hoʻokele hale kūʻai kaʻa, "ʻO ke Aʻo Ola Ola' (ʻike pū ʻia ʻo 'Alternative Nobel Prize').23 I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻopau ʻia ʻo ia e Lucas Aerospace. Ma ke ʻano he Luna Hoʻokele ʻenehana ma ka Greater London Enterprise Board, ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻomohala hou i nā ʻenehana kanaka-centric.

Ka Kiʻiʻoniʻoni: ʻAʻole makemake kekahi e ʻike?

I ka makahiki 1978, ua kauoha ka Open University, ke kulanui aupuni nui loa ma Great Britain, i ka palapala kiʻiʻoniʻoni "ʻAʻole makemake kekahi e ʻike?", kahi i ʻōlelo ai nā puʻukū hale kūʻai, nā ʻenekinia, nā limahana akamai a me nā limahana ʻole: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pgQqfpub-c

Hiki ke hoʻolālā wale ʻia ka hana kūlohelohe a me nā kānaka me nā limahana

Pono ka laʻana o ka Lucas Plan e hoʻoikaika i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoponopono ea e hoʻokokoke aku i nā limahana ma nā ʻoihana "ʻaʻole pili i ke aniau" a me nā mea hana. ʻO ka hōʻike kūikawā APCC "Structures for a climate-friendly life" i ʻōlelo ʻia: "Hiki ke hoʻololi i nā kaʻina hana ma kahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana i kahi ola e pili ana i ke aniau e hiki ke maʻalahi ʻia e ke komo ʻana o ka poʻe hana me ke kākoʻo hana a me ka politika a pili i ke aniau. -ola aloha".24

Ua akaka i ka poe hana Lucas mai kinohi mai, aole e hoololi ko lakou manao i ka honua holookoa o Beritania: "Ua ana nui ia ko makou manao: makemake makou e kue iki i na manao kumu o ko kakou kaiaulu a e haawi iki aku ia ia. ma ka hōʻike ʻana ua mākaukau nā limahana e hakakā no ke kuleana e hana i nā huahana e hoʻoponopono maoli i nā pilikia kanaka, ma mua o ka hana ʻana iā lākou iho.25

Quellen

Cooley, Mike (1987): Hoʻolālā a i ʻole Bee? ʻO ke kumu kūʻai kanaka o ka ʻenehana. Lākana.

APCC (2023): Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo no ka poʻe hoʻoholo ma: Hōʻike Kūikawā: Nā hale no ka nohona pili i ke ea. Berlin/Heidelberg.: Springer Spectrum. Ma ka laina: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4225480

Löw-Beer, Peter (1981): ʻOihana a me ka hauʻoli: ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻokoʻa a Lucas Aerospace. Me kahi haʻawina a Alfred Sohn-Rethel: hana hoʻomohala kūʻē i ka politika o ka haʻawina. Berlin.

Mc Loughlin, Keith (2017): Hoʻohana pono i ka ʻoihana palekana: ʻo ke komite hui ʻo Lucas Aerospace a me ke aupuni Labour, 1974-1979. In: Contemporary British History 31 (4), pp. 524-545. DOI: 10.1080/13619462.2017.1401470.

Dole queue a i ʻole nā ​​papahana pono? In: New Scientist, vol 67, 3.7.1975:10-12.

Salesbury, Brian (oJ): Moʻolelo o ka Papa Hoʻolālā Lucas. https://lucasplan.org.uk/story-of-the-lucas-plan/

Wainwright, Hilary / Elliot, Dave (2018 [1982]): ʻO ka hoʻolālā Lucas: He unionism hou i ka hana? nottingham

ʻIke ʻia: Christian Plas
Kiʻi uhi: Worcester Radical Films

Nūhou wāwae

1 2023 ʻO ka pae ʻana o nā limahana hana maikaʻi: https://www.paulpolman.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/MC_Paul-Polman_Net-Positive-Employee-Barometer_Final_web.pdf

2 Löw-Beer 1981: 20-25

3 McLoughlin 2017: 4th

4 Löw-Beer 1981: 34

5 McLoughlin 2017:6

6 Cooley 1987:118

7 Financial Times, Ianuali 23.1.1976, XNUMX, haʻi ʻia mai https://notesfrombelow.org/article/bringing-back-the-lucas-plan

8 Cooley 1987:119

9 New Scientist 1975, vol 67:11.

10 Cooley 1987: 127.

11 Wainwright/Elliot 2018:40.

12 Wainwright/Elliot 2018: 101.

13 Cooley 1987:121

14 Cooley 1982: 121-122

15 Cooley 1987: 122-124.

16 Cooley 1987: 126-127

17 Cooley 1987: 128-129

18 Cooley 1987: 126-127

19 Löw-Beer 1981: 120

20 McLoughlin 2017: 10th

21 Cooley 1987:140

22 McLoughlin 2017: 11-14

23 Salesbury nd

24 APCC 2023: 17.

25 ʻO Lucas Aerospace Combine Plan, haʻi ʻia mai Löw-Beer (1982): 104