Masana kimiyya don Future Austria
da Martin Auer
Idan da a ce sojojin duniya kasa ne, da za su sami sawun carbon mafi girma na hudu, wanda ya fi na Rasha girma. Wani sabon binciken da Stuart Parkinson (Masana Kimiyya don Alhaki na Duniya, SGR) da Linsey Cottrell (Rikicin Rikici da Muhalli, CEOBS) ya gano cewa mai yiwuwa kashi 2% na iskar CO5,5 na duniya ana iya danganta su ga sojojin duniya.1.
Bayanan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi na soja galibi ba su cika cika ba, ɓoye a cikin nau'ikan gabaɗaya, ko kuma ba a tattara su kwata-kwata. Masana kimiyya don Future sun ƙare wannan matsala an riga an ruwaito. Akwai manyan gibi a cikin rahotannin kasashen bisa ga yarjejeniyar UNFCCC kan sauyin yanayi. Wannan, mawallafin binciken sun yi imanin, shine dalili ɗaya da ya sa kimiyyar yanayi ta yi watsi da wannan batu. A cikin rahoton tantancewa na shida na IPCC na yanzu, ba a cika fuskantar irin gudunmawar da sojoji ke bayarwa ga sauyin yanayi ba.
Don kwatanta mahimmancin matsalar, binciken ya yi amfani da bayanan da ake da su daga ƴan tsirarun ƙasashe don haƙar iskar gas na soji. Wanda ke da alaka da wannan shi ne fatan fara gudanar da bincike dalla-dalla a fadin duniya, da kuma kokarin rage hayakin iskar gas na soja.
Don ba ku ra'ayin yadda masu bincike daga SGR da CEOBS suka zo ga sakamakon su, ga ƙayyadaddun tsarin. Ana iya samun cikakken bayanin anan a nan.
Akwai iyakataccen bayanai game da hayaƙin da ake fitarwa a Amurka, Burtaniya da wasu ƙasashen EU. Wasu daga cikinsu an sanar da su kai tsaye daga hukumomin soja, wasu ta hanyar bincike mai zaman kansa ƙaddara.
Masu binciken sun ɗauki adadin ma'aikatan soja masu aiki a kowace ƙasa ko kowane yanki na duniya a matsayin farkon. Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Duniya (IISS) ce ke tattara su kowace shekara.
Ingantattun alkaluma masu dogaro kan hayakin da ba a taba gani ba (watau bariki, ofisoshi, cibiyoyin bayanai, da sauransu) ana samun kowane mutum kowane mutum daga Amurka, Burtaniya da Jamus. Ga Burtaniya wanda shine 5 t CO2e a kowace shekara, ga Jamus 5,1 t CO2e kuma ga Amurka 12,9 t CO2e. Tun da yake waɗannan ƙasashe uku tare sun riga sun ɗauki alhakin kashi 45% na kashe kuɗin soja na duniya, masu binciken suna ganin wannan bayanan a matsayin tushen tushe don fitar da su daga. Ƙididdigan sun haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan masana'antu, rabon burbushin makamashi, da adadin sansanonin soja a yankuna masu tsananin yanayi waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin kuzari don dumama ko sanyaya. Sakamakon na Amurka kuma ana la'akari da su na yau da kullun ga Kanada, Rasha da Ukraine. 9 t CO2e ga kowane mutum ana ɗauka don Asiya da Oceania, da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. 5 t CO2e ana ɗauka don Turai da Latin Amurka da 2,5 t CO2e ga kowane mutum da shekara don yankin Saharar Afirka. Sannan ana ninka waɗannan lambobin da adadin ma'aikatan soji a kowane yanki.
Ga wasu muhimman ƙasashe kuma ana iya samun rabon hayaƙin da ke tsaye da hayaƙin tafi-da-gidanka, watau hayaƙin jiragen sama, jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa, motocin ƙasa da na sama. Misali, a cikin Jamus kashi 70% na hayaƙin wayar salula ne kawai, yayin da a cikin Burtaniya kashi 260% na hayaƙin wayar tafi da gidanka. Ana iya ninka fitar da hayaƙin da ke tsaye ta wannan yanayin.
Gudunmawar ta ƙarshe ita ce hayaƙin da ake fitarwa daga sarƙoƙi, watau daga kera kayan soja, daga makamai zuwa motoci zuwa gine-gine da riguna. Anan, masu binciken sun sami damar dogaro da bayanai daga kamfanonin kera makamai na duniya Thales da Fincantieri, alal misali. Bugu da kari, akwai alkaluman kididdigar tattalin arziki da ke nuna rabon hayaki mai aiki da hayakin da ake fitarwa daga sarkar samar da kayayyaki na bangarori daban-daban. Masu binciken sun yi zaton cewa hayakin da ake fitarwa daga kera kayayyakin soji daban-daban ya ninka sau 5,8 fiye da fitar da sojoji ke yi.
A cewar binciken, wannan yana haifar da sawun carbon ga sojoji tsakanin tan miliyan 2 da 1.644 na CO3.484e, ko kuma tsakanin 2% da 3,3% na hayaƙin duniya.
Waɗannan alkalumman ba su haɗa da hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi daga ayyukan yaƙi kamar gobara, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa da muhallin halittu, sake ginawa da kula da lafiya ga waɗanda suka tsira ba.
Masu binciken sun jaddada cewa hayakin soji na daga cikin wadanda gwamnati za ta iya yin tasiri kai tsaye ta hanyar kashe kudaden soji, amma kuma ta hanyar ka'idoji. Don yin wannan, duk da haka, dole ne a fara auna hayaki na soja. CEOBS yana da a Tsarin rikodin hayaƙin soja a ƙarƙashin UNFCCC yayi aiki .
Babban taken: Martin Auer
1 Parkinson, Stuart; Cottrell; Linsey (2022): Kiyasta iskar Gas na Duniya na Soja. Lancaster, Mytholmroyd. https://ceobs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SGRCEOBS-Estimating_Global_MIlitary_GHG_Emissions_Nov22_rev.pdf
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