in , ,

Bala'i na yanayi da rikice-rikice akan mahimman kayan albarkatun ƙasa


Sashe na sake fasalin lacca na Martin Auer (Masana kimiyya don Future Austria) a Linz Peace Talks on Janairu 27, 2023

Bayan harin da Rasha ta kai kan Ukraine a watan Fabrairun 2022, an ji kuma ana karanta kalamai kamar: "Sabuwar kuzari na tabbatar da zaman lafiya". Hujja ta yau da kullun ita ce: “Man fetur da iskar gas ba wai kawai ke haifar da canjin yanayi ba, suna kuma rura wutar rikicin soja a duniya. Don haka duk wanda ke son samar da zaman lafiya dole ne ya kawar da dogaro da albarkatun burbushin halittu - ta hanyar saka hannun jari a hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai tsafta kamar rana da iska."1

Abin takaici, wannan ya yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa ana buƙatar adadi mai yawa na "mahimmancin karafa" irin su tagulla, lithium, cobalt, nickel da ƙananan ƙarfe na ƙasa don samar da wutar lantarki daga hanyoyin makamashi mai sabuntawa da kuma adana wannan wutar lantarki. Kuma waɗannan suna da yawa unevenly rarraba a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi. Kashi uku cikin hudu na ma'adinan lithium, cobalt da kasa da ba kasafai ake yin su ba suna faruwa a kasar Sin, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo da kuma a cikin triangle na lithium Chile-Argentina-Bolivia.

A cikin wata takarda ta 2020, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ce: “Samar da albarkatun kasa wani muhimmin batun tsaro ne ga Turai don cimma yarjejeniyar Green. Canjin Turai zuwa tsaka-tsakin carbon zai iya maye gurbin dogaro da yau kan albarkatun mai tare da dogaro kan albarkatun kasa, wanda yawancinsu muke samowa a ƙasashen waje kuma gasa ta duniya ke ƙara yin zafi."2

A cikin Yuli 2021, EU ta kulla yarjejeniya mai mahimmanci tare da Ukraine kan hakar da sarrafa kayan masarufi da samar da batura.3. Ukraine tana da ajiyar lithium, cobalt, beryllium da ƙananan karafa na ƙasa wanda ya kai Yuro biliyan 6.700. Adadin lithium an kiyasta shine ɗayan mafi girma a duniya.

https://www.icog.es/TyT/index.php/2022/11/white-gold-of-ukraine-lithium-mineralisation/

Hoto 1: Adadin lithium a Ukraine. 
source: https://www.icog.es/TyT/index.php/2022/11/white-gold-of-ukraine-lithium-mineralisation/

Sannan, a watan Fabrairun 2022, Rasha ta mamaye Ukraine. Yawancin kudaden ajiya suna cikin yankunan da Rasha ta mamaye a gabas, musamman a Donetsk. A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa Olivia Lazard, daya daga cikin manufofin Putin shi ne katse damar da kungiyar EU ke da shi na samun wadannan kudaden. Ita kanta Rasha tana da babban tanadi na albarkatun albarkatun ƙasa kuma tana ƙoƙarin zama ɗan wasa mai ƙarfi a kasuwar duniya kuma. Ba zato ba tsammani, kungiyar Wagner da ke yaki a Ukraine, tana kuma cikin kasashe masu arzikin ma'adinai a Afirka, kamar Mozambique, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Madagascar da Mali.4

Wani abu mai mahimmanci shine nickel. A cikin Disamba 2022, Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Duniya (WTO) ta tabbatar da karar da EU ta shigar kan Indonesia. Indonesiya ta zartar da wata doka a shekarar 2020 ta hana fitar da nickel zuwa ketare da kuma bukatar a tace takin nickel a Indonesia. EU ta shigar da kara kan hakan. Abin da Indonesiya ke adawa da shi shine tsarin mulkin mallaka na gargajiya: ana fitar da albarkatun ƙasa a Kudancin Duniya, amma ƙirƙira ƙima yana faruwa a Arewacin Duniya. Ribar kamfanoni, haraji, ayyuka suna motsawa zuwa arewa. "Muna so mu zama kasa mai ci gaba, muna son samar da ayyukan yi," in ji shugaban na Indonesia. Amma EU na son kiyaye tsarin mulkin mallaka.5

Na biyu mafi girma mai samar da lithium a halin yanzu shine Chile (bayan Ostiraliya). A cikin Desert Atacama, daya daga cikin mafi bushewa a duniya, lithium carbonate ana fitar da shi daga ƙasa a matsayin brine. An ba da izinin brine don ƙafe a cikin manyan kwanduna. A cewar hukumar hakar ma'adinai ta gwamnatin Chile, adadin ruwan da aka janye daga tekun Atacama ya ninka sau hudu a tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa 2015 kamar yadda dabi'a ke shiga yankin a matsayin ruwan sama ko narke. Ruwa yana ƙara yin karanci ga noman ƴan asalin ƙasar a cikin tudu. Har ila yau, ba a tuntubi 'yan asalin ƙasar kan ayyukan lithium ba. Wannan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yan asalin kasar.6

Mafi girman ma'ajin lithium yana ƙarƙashin gidajen gishirin Salar de Uyuni a Bolivia. Duk da haka, ya zuwa yanzu da kyar ake hako su. Gwamnatin gurguzu ta Evo Morales ta ayyana lithium a matsayin wani mahimmin albarkatun ƙasa tare da dogon buri na mai da Bolivia ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kera batura a duniya, wato kiyaye ƙarin darajar a ƙasar. Da farko an yi rikici da dakarun yankin a lardin Potosí, inda aka ajiye kudaden. Sun so su amfana daga kuɗin lasisi da wuri-wuri kuma ba su yarda da zaɓin abokin tarayya na dabarun ci gaba ba. Kamfanin Jamus ya kamata ACI Systems wanda kuma ke baiwa Tesla batura wanda kuma ya dauki nauyin gina masana'antar batura ga kasuwannin Kudancin Amurka da horar da ma'aikatan Bolivia. A gefe guda, wannan ya kamata ya kawo canjin fasaha ga Bolivia, a gefe guda, haɗin gwiwar ya kamata kuma ya ba wa Jamus damar samun damar samun lithium da ake so.

Rikicin tsakanin Potosí da gwamnatin tsakiya an yi shi ne tare da zanga-zanga, yajin yunwa da ayyukan 'yan sanda na zubar da jini. Morales ƙarshe ya dakatar da kwangila tare da ACI.7 A zaben shugaban kasa da ya biyo baya jim kadan bayan haka, inda Morales ya tsaya takara karo na hudu, kungiyar kasashen Amurka da ya kamata ta sa ido a zaben, ta yi ikirarin cewa ta gano magudin zabe. Daga baya aka musanta zargin. Dakarun na hannun dama sun yi amfani da zargin magudin zabe a matsayin hujjar juyin mulki.8 Kashi 60 cikin XNUMX ne Amurka ke ba da kuɗaɗen Kungiyar Tarayyar Amurka. Don haka Morales ya zargi Amurka da hannu a juyin mulkin. Gwamnatin Trump ta yi maraba da juyin mulkin a hukumance.

Elon Musk ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter bayan wani lokaci: "Mun yi juyin mulki ga wanda muke so, mu hadiye shi!"9 Gwamnatin juyin mulkin ta soke kwangilar da ACI ta dindindin, tare da share hanyar sayar da lithium na Bolivian ga kamfanoni na kasa da kasa. Dandalin bincike An bayyana cewa ofishin jakadancin Biritaniya ya nuna rashin jin dadi bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi don shiga tattaunawa kan lithium.10

To sai dai kuma adawar juyin mulkin ya yi karfin da zai tilasta yin sabon zabe.
Luis Arce, abokin jam'iyyar Morales ne ya lashe zaben, a wannan karon da rata maras tabbas, kuma an ci gaba da tattaunawa da ACI da nufin cimma kyawawan sharuddan da Bolivia.11

Tabbas, EU kuma tana ƙoƙari don biyan bukatun ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a ciki da kuma kewaye. Amma wannan shine inda ma'adinan lithium ya hadu da juriya na asali.

A Portugal, Barroso, wuri mai faɗin da FAO ta ayyana "Al'adun Noma" na fuskantar barazanar lalacewa. Za a haƙa lithium a wurin a cikin buɗaɗɗen ma'adinai.

A Sabiya, zanga-zangar nuna adawa da shirin hakar ma'adinin lithium ya kai ga gwamnati ta soke lasisin babban kamfanin Rio Tinto.

Me yasa tseren kayayyaki masu mahimmanci ya yi zafi haka?

A cewar wani hasashen da bankin zuba jari na Goldman Sachs ya yi, za a samu motoci biliyan 2050 a doron kasa nan da shekarar 3, wanda ya ninka na yau. Daga cikin wadannan, kashi 19 cikin 9 na motocin lantarki ne, kashi XNUMX cikin XNUMX kuma suna amfani da hydrogen ko gas mai ruwa.

Hoto na 2: Motoci a cikin 2050 bisa ga Goldman Sachs
Orange: Injin konewa, shuɗi: motocin lantarki, rawaya: madadin mai (misali hydrogen)
source: https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

Halin da Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya ta yi ya ce kashi 33 dole ne su zama motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki. Amma jimillar adadin motoci biliyan 3 ba a cikin tambaya.12 Ba wanda ya yi tambaya, "Ta yaya za mu iya samun nasara da abin da muke da shi?", amma a maimakon haka ya ƙididdige buƙatar waɗannan kayayyaki masu mahimmanci dangane da ci gaban tattalin arziki da aka yi hasashen, kuma ba shakka matsin lamba don samun waɗannan albarkatun ya fi girma.

A cewar kungiyar ta OECD, an tsara dukkan tattalin arzikin duniya zai rubanya nan da shekara ta 2050, daga dala tiriliyan 100 a yau zuwa dala tiriliyan 200, ta fuskar karfin saye.13 A takaice dai, a cikin 2050 ya kamata mu samar da cinyewa sau biyu na komai kamar yadda muke yi a yau. Koyaya, wannan yana nufin cewa buƙatun albarkatun ƙasa shima gabaɗaya zai ninka, an rage ɗan ragewa ta ingantattun sake amfani da su.

Wani bincike na Jami'ar Valladolid, wanda aka buga kwanan nan a cikin Journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa idan har yanzu yanayin da ake ciki na e-motsi ya wuce gona da iri a nan gaba, amfani da lithium ta 2050 zai zama kashi 120 na abin da ke faruwa. a halin yanzu da aka sani gane reserves. A cikin yanayin da ke da yawan motocin e-motoci 300 bisa dari, a cikin wani labari tare da mai da hankali kan motocin lantarki masu haske kamar kekunan e-kekuna kusan kashi 100, kuma kawai a cikin yanayin lalacewa kawai za mu rage kashi 2050 cikin 50 na adibas. zuwa XNUMX. Sakamakon cobalt da nickel iri ɗaya ne.14  

Hoto 3: Tushen: Pulido-Sánchez, Daniel; Capellán-Pérez, Iñigo; Castro, Carlos de; Frechoso, Fernando (2022): Material da makamashi bukatun na sufuri lantarki. A cikin: Muhallin Makamashi. kimiyya 15 (12), shafi na 4872-4910
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2022/EE/D2EE00802E

Canji a tushen makamashi don haka ba zai canza tseren albarkatun ba. Zai canza kawai daga mai da gawayi zuwa wasu kayan. Kuma wannan tseren ba wai kawai don samun iko da albarkatun kasa ba ne, har ma game da mamaye kasuwa.

Ina so in koma ga wani misali na tarihi: Masanin tarihin tattalin arziki Adam Tooze ya rubuta game da manufofin shugaban gwamnatin Jamus Gustav Stresemann daga baya a matsayin memba na Reichstag a yakin duniya na daya: Fadada ikon mallakar Jamus ta hanyar haɗa Belgium, bakin tekun Faransa zuwa Calais, Maroko da kuma ƙarin yankuna a cikin Ya sami Gabas 'masu bukata' saboda zai iya samar wa Jamus da isassun dandamali na gasa da Amurka. Babu tattalin arzikin da ba tare da garantin kasuwa na aƙalla masu siye miliyan 1 da zai dace da fa'idar samar da yawa a Amurka ba.15

Wannan ita ce mahangar da ta jagoranci yakin duniya na daya da na biyu, wannan ita ce mahangar da ta shafi fadada kungiyar EU, wannan ita ce mahangar yakin da Rasha ta yi da Ukraine, wannan ita ce mahangar da ke tafiyar da rikici tsakanin Amurka da Sin. tabbas. Ba wai wadanda suka samar da inganci da rahusa za su mamaye kasuwa ba, sai dai umekehrt, waɗanda suka mamaye kasuwa mafi girma za su iya yin amfani da fa'idodin tattalin arziƙi na yawan samarwa da kuma tabbatar da kansu a kan gasar.

Yaƙe-yaƙe na zamani ba kawai game da wanda zai iya karɓar albarkatun daga wanene, wanda zai iya yin amfani da ikon aiki na wane, amma kuma - kuma watakila ma da farko - game da wanda zai iya sayar da abin da ga wane. Wannan shi ne tunanin tattalin arziki bisa gasa da kuma amfani da jari don samar da karin jari. Ba batun kwadayin miyagun ’yan jari hujja ba ne, amma game da su tsari Hanyar kasuwanci: Idan kuna gudanar da kamfani, müssen Suna samun riba don saka hannun jari a cikin kirkire-kirkire don kada su ja baya a gasar. Villa da jirgin ruwa kayayyaki ne masu daɗi, amma makasudin shine ƙara jari don ci gaba da kasuwanci. Ƙirƙira yana nufin ko dai za ku iya samar da ƙari tare da aiki iri ɗaya, ko iri ɗaya tare da ƙarancin aiki. Amma tunda ƙididdigewa yana sa samfurin ku ya zama mai arha, kuna buƙatar siyar da mafi yawansa don samun ribar da ake buƙata don sabbin ƙima. Jiha da qungiyoyin sun goyi bayan ku a wannan, domin idan ba za ku iya faɗaɗa tallace-tallacenku ba, za a yi asarar ayyukan yi. Kada ka tambayi kanka: Shin a zahiri duniya tana buƙatar samfur na, yana da kyau ga mutane? Amma kuna mamakin ta yaya zan iya samun mutane su saya? Ta hanyar tallace-tallace, ta hanyar barin shi ya zama tsoho ko karyewa ta hanyar wucin gadi da sauri, ta hanyar sanya masu amfani da su cikin duhu game da ainihin abubuwan da suke da shi, ta hanyar sanya su sha'awar su, kamar yadda yake a cikin masana'antar taba, ko ma, kamar yadda a cikin tankuna. da makamantansu, a bar masu biyan haraji su biya shi. Tabbas, hanyar jari-hujja ta kasuwanci ita ma tana samar da kayayyaki masu kyau da amfani, amma ba shi da amfani wajen amfani da jari ko samfurin yana da amfani ko cutarwa matukar ana iya siyar da shi.

Wannan hanya ta kasuwanci dole ne ta kai ga iyakar duniya, kuma dole ne ta ci gaba da kai hari kan iyakokin makwabta. Wannan tsarin tattalin arziƙin ba ya ƙyale mu mu ce: To, a zahiri muna da wadatar komai a yanzu, ba ma buƙatar ƙarin. Tattalin Arziki mai lalacewa, tattalin arzikin da baya karkata zuwa ga ci gaba mara iyaka. dole ne a shirya daban bisa manufa. Kuma ka'idar dole ne ta kasance: Ƙungiyar masu amfani da masu samarwa - kuma ta hanyar masu samarwa ina nufin waɗanda suke yin aikin - dole ne su ƙayyade abin da, ta yaya, a cikin wane nau'i, da kuma adadin da aka samar. Waɗanne buƙatu ne na asali kuma waɗanda ba dole ba ne, menene ke da kyau idan kuna da shi, kuma menene alatu mara kyau? Ta yaya za mu iya saduwa da ainihin bukatu tare da mafi ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, kayan aiki da aiki na yau da kullun?

Ta yaya za a iya shirya wannan? Da alama babu misali mai aiki a duniya har yanzu. Wataƙila abinci don tunani shine majalisar yanayi. A Ostiriya, akwai mutane 100 da aka zaba ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma wakilan al'umma, wadanda bisa shawarar masana, suka samar da shawarwari kan yadda Austria za ta iya cimma burinta na yanayi. Abin takaici, wannan majalisa ba ta da ikon aiwatar da shawarwarinta. Irin waɗannan majalissar ƴan ƙasa, waɗanda ke ba da shawara kan shawarwarin tattalin arziki da siyasa, na iya kasancewa a kowane mataki na al'umma, a gundumomi, jihohi, tarayya da kuma a matakin Turai. Sannan za a kada kuri'a a kan shawarwarin nasu ta hanyar dimokradiyya. Kamfanoni su kasance masu himma ga amfanin gama gari maimakon kimar masu hannun jari. Kuma idan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ba za su iya yin hakan ba, to dole ne kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa, na birni ko na gwamnati su karɓe ayyukansu. Irin wannan hanyar kasuwanci kawai ba za ta zo da iyakokin duniya ko iyakokin maƙwabta ba. Irin wannan tsarin tattalin arziki ne kawai zai iya samar da yanayin zaman lafiya mai dorewa.

1 https://energiewinde.orsted.de/klimawandel-umwelt/energiewende-friedensprojekt

2 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0474&from=EN

3 https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-ukraine-kick-start-strategic-partnership-raw-materials-2021-07-13_en

4 Lazard, Olivia (2022): Karamar-Sanin Nufin Rasha a Ukraine. Akwai akan layi a https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/87319

5 https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-global-race-to-secure-critical-minerals-heats-up/

6 https://www.dw.com/de/zunehmender-lithium-abbau-verst%C3%A4rkt-wassermangel-in-chiles-atacama-w%C3%BCste/a-52039450

7 https://amerika21.de/2020/01/236832/bolivien-deutschland-lithium-aci-systems

8 https://www.democracynow.org/2019/11/18/bolivia_cochabamba_massacre_anti_indigenous_violence

9 https://pbs.twimg.com/media/EksIy3aW0AEIsK-?format=jpg&name=small

10 https://declassifieduk.org/revealed-the-uk-supported-the-coup-in-bolivia-to-gain-access-to-its-white-gold/

11 https://dailycollegian.com/2020/09/bolivias-new-government-and-the-lithium-coup/
https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/was-bolivia-s-coup-over-lithium-32033
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/13/morales-bolivia-military-coup
12 https://www.fuelfreedom.org/cars-in-2050/

13 https://data.oecd.org/gdp/real-gdp-long-term-forecast.htm

14 Pulido-Sánchez, Daniel; Capellán-Pérez, Iñigo; Castro, Carlos de; Frechoso, Fernando (2022): Material da makamashi bukatun na sufuri lantarki. A cikin: Muhallin Makamashi. kimiyya 15 (12), shafi na 4872-4910. DOI: 10.1039/D2EE00802E

15 Tooze, Adam (2006): Tattalin Arziki na Rushewa, Munich

Wannan Zauren Al'umma ne ya kirkiresu. Shiga ciki ka tura sakon ka!

A KASAR KYAUTA ZUWA YANKIN AURE


Written by Martin Auren

Martin Auer, an haife shi a Vienna a 1951. Tsohon dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawaki, marubuci mai zaman kansa tun 1986. Kyaututtuka daban-daban, gami da naɗawa a matsayin farfesa a 2005. Ya yi karatun ilimin al'adu da zamantakewa.
https://www.martinauer.net
https://blog.martinauer.net

Leave a Comment