Rahoton Rashin daidaito na 2023: Harajin dukiya ga manyan masu arziki don goyon bayan daidaita yanayin yanayi

Sanin kowa ne cewa masu karamin karfi suna haifar da karancin hayaki mai gurbata muhalli fiye da masu kudin shiga. Wannan rashin daidaito yana ci gaba da girma, kamar yadda sabon rahoton masanin tattalin arziki Lucas Chancel na Lab ɗin rashin daidaito na duniya ya nuna. Wannan cibiya ta dogara ne a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Paris, tare da masanin tattalin arziki Thomas Piketty ("Babban birni a cikin 21st Century") a babban matsayi.

Dangane da Rahoton Rashin daidaiton Yanayi na 20231, kashi 11,5% na al'ummar duniya ne ke da alhakin fitar da hayaki mai yawa a duniya, yayin da kashi 10 cikin 48 na sama suna haifar da kusan rabin hayakin, kashi 16,9%. Babban kashi XNUMX ne ke da alhakin kashi XNUMX% na hayaƙi.

Bambance-bambancen na kara fitowa fili idan aka yi la'akari da fitar da kowa da kowa na kungiyoyin samun kudin shiga daban-daban. Don isa ga maƙasudin 1,5°C, kowane mazaunin: a cikin duniya yakamata ya haifar da ton 2050 na CO1,9 kawai a shekara ta 2. A haƙiƙa, mafi ƙasƙanci kashi 50% na al'ummar duniya ya kasance ƙasa da wannan iyaka a ton 1,4 ga kowane mutum, yayin da kashi 101% na sama ya zarce wannan iyaka da sau 50 a tan XNUMX ga kowane mutum.

Daga 1990 zuwa 2019 (shekarar da ke gaban bala'in cutar ta Covid-19), hayakin kowane mutum daga mafi ƙarancin rabin al'ummar duniya ya karu daga matsakaicin tan 1,1 zuwa 1,4 na CO2e. Fitar da iska daga kashi 80 na sama ya karu daga ton 101 zuwa XNUMX ga kowane mutum a cikin lokaci guda. Fitowar sauran ƙungiyoyin ya kasance kusan iri ɗaya ne.

Kason rabin matalauta na jimillar hayaki ya karu daga kashi 9,4% zuwa 11,5%, kason masu arziki kashi daya daga 13,7% zuwa 16,9%.

A Turai, fitar da kowane mutum ya faɗi gabaɗaya daga 1990 zuwa 2019. Amma idan aka yi la’akari da kungiyoyin da ke samun kudin shiga ya nuna cewa hayakin da rabin matalauta da kashi 40 na tsakiya kowannensu ya ragu da kusan kashi 30 cikin 10, fitar da kashi 16,7 cikin 1,7 na sama da kashi 1990 kacal da na masu arziki kashi 2019 da kashi XNUMX kacal. . Don haka ci gaban ya kasance ne ta hanyar kashe kuɗi na ƙasa da matsakaici. Ana iya bayyana wannan, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa waɗannan kudaden shiga da wuya ya karu a zahiri daga XNUMX zuwa XNUMX.

Idan a cikin 1990 rashin daidaito a duniya ya kasance mafi mahimmanci da bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin kasashe matalauta da masu arziki, a yau an fi haifar da bambance-bambancen tsakanin talakawa da masu arziki a cikin kasashe. Hakanan azuzuwan masu arziki da manyan attajirai sun fito a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da matsakaita. A Gabashin Asiya, kashi 10 na sama na haifar da hayaki mai mahimmanci fiye da na Turai, amma kashi 50 na ƙasa ya ragu sosai. A mafi yawan yankuna na duniya, mafi yawan rabin matalauta na kowane mutum yana kusa ko ƙasa da iyakar tan 1,9 a kowace shekara, sai dai a Arewacin Amirka, Turai da Rasha / Asiya ta Tsakiya.

A sa'i daya kuma, matalauta sun fi shafar sakamakon sauyin yanayi. Kashi uku cikin hudu na asarar kudaden shiga daga fari, ambaliya, gobarar daji, guguwa da sauransu sun afkawa mafi yawan matalauta a duniya, yayin da kashi 10% masu arziki ke fama da kashi 3% kawai na asarar kudaden shiga.

Rabin mafi talauci na al'ummar duniya sun mallaki kashi 2% na arzikin duniya. Don haka suna da karancin hanyoyin da za su iya kare kansu daga illar sauyin yanayi. 10% mafi arziki sun mallaki kashi 76% na dukiyar, don haka suna da zaɓuɓɓukan sau da yawa.

A yawancin yankuna masu karamin karfi, sauyin yanayi ya rage yawan amfanin gona da kashi 30%. Fiye da mutane miliyan 780 a halin yanzu suna cikin haɗari daga mummunar ambaliyar ruwa da talauci da ya haifar. Kasashe da yawa a Kudancin Duniya sun fi talauci fiye da yadda za su kasance ba tare da canjin yanayi ba. Yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na iya fuskantar asarar kuɗin shiga sama da kashi 80 cikin ɗari a ƙarshen karni.

Yiwuwar tasirin rage talauci akan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi

A saman shirin ci gaba mai dorewa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDGs2) a shekarar 2030 na nufin kawar da fatara da yunwa. Shin kawar da talauci a duniya zai iya haifar da matsala mai mahimmanci a kan kasafin kudin CO2 wanda har yanzu yana samuwa a gare mu don cimma burin yanayi na Paris? Binciken ya gabatar da kididdigar yadda mafi yawan kudaden shiga ga matalauta zai kara yawan hayakin da suke fitarwa.

Kididdigar da rahoton ya yi tana nuni ne da layukan talauci da Bankin Duniya ya yi amfani da su a matsayin tushen kiyasinsa tsakanin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2022. A watan Satumba, duk da haka, Bankin Duniya ya tsara sabbin layin talauci don yin la'akari da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki masu mahimmanci. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ana ɗaukar samun kasa da dalar Amurka 2,15 a kowace rana a matsayin matsanancin talauci (dala 1,90 a baya). Sauran iyakokin biyu a yanzu sun kasance dala 3,65 don "ƙasashen masu karamin karfi" (dala 3,20 a baya) da USD 6,85 don "kasashe masu matsakaicin kudin shiga" (dala 5,50 a baya). Koyaya, waɗannan iyakokin samun kudin shiga sun dace da waɗanda suka gabata ta fuskar ikon siye.

Rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci a 2019 a cewar Bankin Duniya3 Mutane miliyan 6484. Haɓaka kudaden shiga zuwa mafi ƙanƙanci zai ƙara yawan hayaki mai gurbata yanayi a duniya da kusan 1%. A halin da ake ciki inda kowane kashi goma na digiri da kowane ton na CO2 ke ƙidayar, wannan tabbas ba wani abu bane mara kyau. Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar duniya suna rayuwa ƙasa da tsaka-tsakin talauci. Haɓaka abin da suke samu zuwa matsakaicin talauci zai ƙara yawan hayaƙi a duniya da kusan kashi 5%. Babu shakka wani nauyi mai mahimmanci akan yanayin. Kuma ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga na kusan rabin al'umma zuwa mafi girman layin talauci zai ƙara yawan hayaƙi da kusan 18%!

Don haka shin ba zai yuwu a kawar da talauci da dakile rugujewar yanayi a lokaci guda ba?

Duban Hoto na 5 ya bayyana karara: Fitar da iska mafi arziki kashi daya ne sau uku abin da kawar da matsakaicin matakin talauci zai haifar. Da kuma fitar da hayakin mafi arziki kashi goma (duba Hoto 1) sun kasance ƙasa da sau uku abin da ake buƙata don samarwa duk mutane mafi ƙarancin samun kudin shiga sama da babban layin talauci. Kawar da talauci don haka yana buƙatar sake rarraba kasafin kuɗin carbon, amma ba zai yiwu ba ko kaɗan.

Tabbas, wannan sake rarrabawa ba zai canza jimillar hayaƙin duniya ba. Don haka dole ne a rage fitar da mawadata da mawadata su wuce wannan matakin.

Haka kuma, yaki da talauci ba zai iya kunshi baiwa mutane damar kara kudaden shiga ba kawai. A cewar akidar tattalin arziki na Neoliberal, talakawa za su sami damar samun kudi idan aka samar da karin ayyukan yi ta hanyar bunkasar tattalin arziki.5. Amma ci gaban tattalin arziki a yanayin da yake ciki yana haifar da ƙarin haɓakar hayaƙi6.

Rahoton ya buga wani bincike na Jefim Vogel, Julia Steinberger et al. game da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wanda za a iya gamsar da bukatun ɗan adam tare da ƙarancin shigar da makamashi7. Wannan binciken ya yi nazari ne kan kasashe 106 kan yadda ake biyan bukatu shida na dan Adam: kiwon lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki, ruwan sha, tsaftar muhalli, ilimi da karancin kudin shiga, da yadda suke da alaka da amfani da makamashi. Binciken ya kammala da cewa, kasashen da ke da kyakkyawar hidimar jama'a, samar da ababen more rayuwa, rashin daidaiton kudin shiga da kuma samun wutar lantarki a duniya, na da mafi kyawun damar da za a iya biyan wadannan bukatu tare da karancin makamashi. Marubutan suna ganin kulawa ta yau da kullun a matsayin ɗayan mahimman matakan da za a iya yiwuwa8. Ana iya kawar da talauci ta hanyar samun kuɗi mai yawa, amma kuma ta hanyar abin da ake kira "kuɗaɗen shiga jama'a": Ayyukan jama'a da kayayyaki waɗanda ake samarwa kyauta ko kuma masu rahusa kuma masu dacewa da muhalli kuma suna sauke nauyin da ke kan walat.

Misali: Kimanin mutane biliyan 2,6 a duniya suna dafa abinci da kananzir, itace, gawayi ko taki. Wannan yana haifar da mummunar gurɓacewar iska na cikin gida tare da mummunan sakamako na kiwon lafiya, daga tari na yau da kullun zuwa ciwon huhu da kansa. Itace da gawayi don dafa abinci kawai suna haifar da hayaƙin 1 gigatonne na CO2 kowace shekara, kusan kashi 2% na hayaƙin duniya. Yin amfani da itace da gawayi kuma yana taimakawa wajen sare dazuzzuka, wanda hakan ke nufin cewa dole ne a rika jigilar itacen zuwa nesa mai nisa, sau da yawa a bayan mata. Don haka kyautar wutar lantarki daga hanyoyin da za a sabunta su a lokaci guda za su rage talauci, inganta lafiya, rage farashin kiwon lafiya, ba da lokaci don ilimi da shiga siyasa, da rage hayakin duniya.9.

Sauran shawarwari sune: saita mafi ƙanƙanta da matsakaicin kuɗin shiga, ci gaba da haraji akan dukiya da gado; Canji zuwa yanayin muhalli mafi kyawun nau'ikan buƙatu masu gamsarwa (buƙatar ɗumi za a iya gamsuwa ba kawai ta hanyar dumama ba har ma ta hanyar mafi kyawun rufi, buƙatar abinci ta hanyar tushen shuka maimakon abinci na dabba), canjin jigilar kayayyaki daga mutum ɗaya. zuwa zirga-zirgar jama'a, daga mota zuwa Motsi mai aiki.

Ta yaya za a iya ba da kuɗin rage talauci, rage sauyin yanayi da daidaita canjin yanayi?

Kasashe masu arziki na bukatar su kara himma wajen hadin gwiwar raya kasa, in ji marubutan. Amma canja wurin kasa da kasa ba zai isa ba don magance rashin daidaiton yanayi a duniya. Za a buƙaci cikakken canje-canje a tsarin haraji na ƙasa da ƙasa. A kasashen da ke da karancin kudin shiga da matsakaita, su ma, ya kamata a samar da kudaden shiga da za a iya amfani da su don tallafa wa marasa galihu ta hanyar ci gaba da haraji kan kudaden shiga na jari, gado da dukiya.

Rahoton ya buga misali da Indonesiya: A shekarar 2014, gwamnatin Indonesiya ta rage tallafin man fetur sosai. Wannan yana nufin ƙarin kudaden shiga ga jihar. amma kuma karin farashin makamashi ga jama'a, wanda da farko ya haifar da juriya mai karfi. Duk da haka, an karɓi garambawul a lokacin da gwamnati ta yanke shawarar yin amfani da kuɗin da aka samu don tallafawa inshorar lafiya na duniya.

Kudaden haraji na kamfanoni na duniya

Ya kamata a tsara dokokin kasa da kasa na harajin kamfanoni na kasa da kasa ta yadda haraji kan ribar da ake samu a kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaita su ma su amfana da kasashen gaba daya. Kashi 15 bisa XNUMX mafi karancin harajin kamfanoni na duniya, wanda aka kera bisa tsarin OECD, zai fi amfanar kasashe masu arziki da kamfanoni ke da tushe, maimakon kasashen da ake samun ribar.

Haraji kan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da na teku na duniya

An ba da shawarar yin la'akari da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da na ruwa sau da yawa a cikin UNFCCC da sauran taron. A cikin 2008, Maldives sun gabatar da ra'ayi don harajin fasinja a madadin ƙananan jihohin tsibirin. A cikin 2021, Tsibirin Marshal da Sulemanu Islands sun ba da shawarar harajin jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya. A wajen taron sauyin yanayi da aka yi a Glasgow, Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan raya kasa da kare hakkin dan Adam ya dauki shawarwarin tare da jaddada alhakin "masu kudi". A cewar rahoton nasa, harajin biyu zai iya kawo tsakanin dala biliyan 132 zuwa dala biliyan 392 a duk shekara don taimakawa kananan tsibirai da kasashe marasa ci gaba wajen tinkarar asara da lalacewa da daidaita yanayin yanayi.

Harajin dukiya ga masu arziki a cikin ni'imar kariyar yanayi da daidaitawa

Kusan mutane 65.000 (kawai sama da 0,001% na yawan manya) suna da dukiyar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Harajin ci gaba mai ƙanƙanta akan irin wannan matsananciyar arziki na iya tara kuɗi don matakan daidaita yanayin da suka dace. A cewar rahoton UNEP Adaptation Gap Report, tazarar kudade ya kai dala biliyan 202 a kowace shekara. Shirin Chancel na haraji yana farawa daga 1,5% don kadarorin dala miliyan 100 har zuwa dala biliyan 1, 2% har zuwa dala biliyan 10, 2,5% har zuwa dala biliyan 100, kuma 3% ga duk abin da ke sama. Wannan haraji (Chance ya kira shi "1,5% don 1,5 ° C") zai iya tara dala biliyan 295 a kowace shekara, kusan rabin kudaden da ake bukata don daidaita yanayin yanayi. Tare da irin wannan haraji, Amurka da ƙasashen Turai tare za su iya tara dala biliyan 175 don asusun yanayi na duniya ba tare da ɗaukar nauyin 99,99% na al'ummarsu ba.

Idan za a fitar da harajin daga dala miliyan 5 - kuma ko da hakan zai shafi kashi 0,1% na al'ummar duniya - za a iya tara dala biliyan 1.100 a duk shekara don kare yanayi da daidaitawa. Jimillar kudaden da ake bukata don magance sauyin yanayi da daidaitawa har zuwa shekarar 2030 ga kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaita ban da kasar Sin an kiyasta dala biliyan 2.000 zuwa 2.800 a duk shekara. Wasu daga cikin wannan an rufe su ta hannun jarin da ake da su da kuma shirin da aka tsara, suna barin gibin kuɗi na dala biliyan 1.800. Don haka haraji kan dukiya sama da dala miliyan 5 na iya rufe babban kaso na wannan gibin kudade.

An gano shi: Christian Plas
hoton murfin: Ninara, CC BY
Tables: Rahoton Rashin daidaituwar yanayi, CC BY

Jawabinsa

1 Chancel, Lucas; Duka, Phillip; Voituriez, Tancrede (2023): Rahoton Rashin daidaiton Yanayi 2023: Lab Rashin daidaiton Duniya. Kan layi: https://wid.world/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/CBV2023-ClimateInequalityReport-3.pdf

2 https://www.sdgwatch.at/de/ueber-sdgs/

3 https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/half-global-population-lives-less-us685-person-day

4 Barkewar cutar ta jefa karin mutane miliyan 2020 kasa da kangin talauci a shekarar 70, wanda ya kawo adadin zuwa miliyan 719. Mafi talauci kashi 40% na al'ummar duniya sun yi asarar matsakaicin kashi 4%: na kudin shiga, mafi arziki kashi 20% kawai 2%: https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/05/global-progress-in-reducing-extreme-poverty-grinds-to-a-halt

5 ZBDollar, David & Kraay, Art (2002): "Ci gaban yana da kyau ga matalauta", Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 7, ba. 3, 195-225. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40216063

6 Dubi sakonmu https://at.scientists4future.org/2022/04/19/mythos-vom-gruenen-wachstum/

7 Vogel, Yefim; Steinberger, Julia K.; O'Neill, Daniel W.; Lamba, William F.; Krishnakumar, Jaya (2021): Yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki don biyan bukatun ɗan adam a ƙarancin amfani da makamashi: Nazarin ƙasa da ƙasa na samar da zamantakewa. A cikin: Canjin Muhalli na Duniya 69, shafi na 102287. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102287.

8 Coote A, Percy A 2020. Batun Sabis na Basic na Duniya. John Wiley & Sons.

9 https://www.equaltimes.org/polluting-cooking-methods-used-by?lang=en#.ZFtjKXbP2Uk